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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an independent risk factor for CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The pathogenic mechanisms of CKD provide several potential targets for its treatment. However, due to off-target effects, conventional drugs for CKD typically require high doses to achieve adequate therapeutic effects, leading to long-term organ toxicity. Therefore, ideal treatments that completely cure the different types of kidney disease are rarely available. Several approaches for the drug targeting of the kidneys have been explored in drug delivery system research. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have multiple merits, including good biocompatibility, suitable degradability, the ability to target lesion sites, and fewer non-specific systemic effects. In this review, the development, potential, and limitations of low-molecular-weight protein\u2013lysozymes, polymer nanomaterials, and lipid-based nanocarriers as drug delivery platforms for treating AKI and CKD are summarized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17050625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T08:59:37Z","timestamp":1715677177000},"page":"625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Research Progress of Drug Delivery Systems Targeting the Kidneys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Li-Feng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao-Ru","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Cui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Rong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiao-Fei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease of Zhanjiang City, Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0248-y","article-title":"Targeting the progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Lamas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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