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Brucellosis causes insidious symptoms that make it difficult to diagnose. Infection can also trigger chronic pain and neuropsychiatric complications. Antibiotics are not always effective to eradicate infection, contributing to chronicity. We aimed to investigate the effects of antibiotic treatment on proinflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, corticosterone, and behavior in a murine model of infecrion of B. abortus strain 2308. Four study groups were created: (a) control; (b) antibiotic control; (c) infected with B. abortus 2308; and (d) infected and treated with rifampicin and doxycycline. We determined B. abortus 2308 colony-forming units (CFUs), the count of dendritic cells, and macrophages in the spleen; serum levels of cytokines and corticosterone; levels of serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine in the brain; and equilibrium, physical strength, anxiety, and hopelessness tests. The infected and treated mice group was compared with the control and infected mice to assess whether treatment is sufficient to recover neuroimmunoendocrine parameters. Our results showed that despite the treatment of brucellosis with rifampicin and doxycycline, antibiotic-treated mice showed a persistence of B. abortus 2308 CFUs, an increased count in macrophage number, and higher circulating levels of corticosterone. Furthermore, the levels of IL-12, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 remained higher. We found a decrease in muscular strength and equilibrium concomitant to changes in neurotransmitters in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and frontal cortex. Our data suggest that the remaining bacterial load after antibiotic administration favors inflammatory, neurochemical, and behavioral alterations, partly explaining the widespread and paradoxical symptomatology experienced by patients with chronic brucellosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17050638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T03:24:48Z","timestamp":1715829888000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Concomitant Treatment with Doxycycline and Rifampicin in Balb\/c Mice Infected with Brucella abortus 2308 Fails to Reduce Inflammation and Motor Disability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2694-1290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Maldonado-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Celular, Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Alvarez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Psicoinmunolog\u00eda, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3878-0631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Psicoinmunolog\u00eda, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Becerril-Villanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Psicoinmunolog\u00eda, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenin","family":"Pav\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Psicoinmunolog\u00eda, Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatr\u00eda Ram\u00f3n de la Fuente, Mexico City 14370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Tesoro-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Inmunolog\u00eda e Infectolog\u00eda, Hospital de Infectolog\u00eda, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional \u201cLa Raza\u201d, IMSS, Mexico City 02990, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6808-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel Iv\u00e1n","family":"Gir\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional LANIIA-Nayarit, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nayarit, Tepic 63173, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Hurtado-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Anatom\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Dami\u00e1n-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Celular, Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3629-3813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rub\u00e9n","family":"L\u00f3pez-Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Celular, Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha C.","family":"Moreno-Lafont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunolog\u00eda Celular, Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dean, A.S., Crump, L., Greter, H., Hattendorf, J., Schelling, E., and Zinsstag, J. 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