{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T14:58:41Z","timestamp":1784041121932,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]],"date-time":"2024-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82273739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KJQN202100467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100467"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["82273739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82273739"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission","award":["KJQN202100467"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJQN202100467"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) refer to an unintended harmful reaction that occurs after the administration of a medication for therapeutic purposes, which is unrelated to the intended pharmacological action of the drug. In the United States, ADRs account for 6% of all hospital admissions annually. The cost of ADR-related illnesses in 2016 was estimated at USD 528.4 billion. Increasing the awareness of ADRs is an effective measure to prevent them. Assessing suspected drugs in adverse events helps to enhance the awareness of ADRs. Methods: In this study, a suspect drug assisted judgment model (SDAJM) is designed to identify suspected drugs in adverse events. This framework utilizes the graph isomorphism network (GIN) and an attention mechanism to extract features based on patients\u2019 demographic information, drug information, and ADR information. Results: By comparing it with other models, the results of various tests show that this model performs well in predicting the suspected drugs in adverse reaction events. ADR signal detection was conducted on a group of cardiovascular system drugs, and case analyses were performed on two classic drugs, Mexiletine and Captopril, as well as on two classic antithyroid drugs. The results indicate that the model can accomplish the task of predicting drug ADRs. Validation using benchmark datasets from ten drug discovery domains shows that the model is applicable to classification tasks on the Tox21 and SIDER datasets. Conclusions: This study applies deep learning methods to construct the SDAJM model for three purposes: (1) identifying drugs suspected to cause adverse drug events (ADEs), (2) predicting the ADRs of drugs, and (3) other drug discovery tasks. The results indicate that this method can offer new directions for research in the field of ADRs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17070822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T10:41:12Z","timestamp":1719225672000},"page":"822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Predicting Drugs Suspected of Causing Adverse Drug Reactions Using Graph Features and Attention Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jinxiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuhai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6793-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbz140","article-title":"A survey on adverse drug reaction studies: Data, tasks and machine learning methods","volume":"22","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brief. 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