{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:26:51Z","timestamp":1791563211592,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Lodz","award":["503\/1-159-01\/503-21-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-159-01\/503-21-001"]}]},{"name":"Polish Society of Metabolic Disorders","award":["503\/1-159-01\/503-21-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["503\/1-159-01\/503-21-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metformin, one of the most frequently used oral glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs), is associated with the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events in approximately 20% of users. These unwanted actions result in non-compliance or even discontinuation of metformin therapy. The aim of the presented meta-analysis was to determine whether adding a drug from the group of sulfonylureas, glitazones, DPP-IV inhibitors, or probiotics to metformin monotherapy may affect the risk of GI side effects. The material for this meta-analysis comprised data from 26 randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) published in English. This meta-analysis included 41,048 patients. The PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trials databases were thoroughly searched to find relevant RCTs. The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Type (PICOT) structure was used to formulate study selection criteria and the research question. Cochrane Review Manager Software 5.4 was used to carry out analysis of collected data. The results were presented as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for each group, and p &lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. As expected from clinical practice, metformin was associated with a markedly increased risk of abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting compared to placebo. In comparison to other GLDs, taking metformin was related to an elevated risk of diarrhea and abdominal pain and to a lowered risk of vomiting and bloating. In turn, adding other GLDs to metformin treatment was associated with an elevated risk of nausea and vomiting than treatment with metformin in monotherapy. However, adding probiotics to metformin therapy was related to a decreased risk of diarrhea, bloating, and constipation. The obtained results demonstrate that the combination of metformin with other GLDs may elevate the risk of nausea and vomiting, whereas combination with probiotics decreases the risk of diarrhea, bloating, and constipation. Thus, the results of our meta-analysis suggest that probiotics may reduce the risk of some GI side effects in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who started treatment with metformin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17070898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T14:40:50Z","timestamp":1720449650000},"page":"898","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Metformin-Associated Gastrointestinal Adverse Events Are Reduced by Probiotics: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6545-579X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Szymczak-Pajor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6437-9476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f3zef","family":"Drzewoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Wenclewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Hospital Named after Primate Cardinal Stefan Wyszy\u0144ski, 7 Armii Krajowej Str., 98-200 Sieradz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6864-0704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"\u015aliwi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.12.8.553","article-title":"Traditional Plant Medicines as Treatments for Diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Bailey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38007-5_21","article-title":"New Perspective for an Old Antidiabetic Drug: Metformin as Anticancer Agent","volume":"Volume 159","author":"Leone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Nutrition and Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor, I., Wenclewska, S., and \u015aliwi\u0144ska, A. 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