{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T15:30:36Z","timestamp":1789831836356,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]],"date-time":"2024-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is an unmet medical need for the early detection of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced cardiovascular (CV) adverse events due to a lack of adequate biomarkers. This study aimed to provide insights on the incidence of troponin elevations and echocardiographic dynamics during ICI treatment in cancer patients and their role as potential biomarkers for submyocardial damage. In addition, it is the first study to compare hs-TnT and hs-TnI in ICI-treated patients and to evaluate their interchangeability in the context of screening. Results: Among 59 patients, the mean patient age was 68 years, and 76% were men. Overall, 25% of patients received combination therapy. Although 10.6% [95% CI: 5.0\u201322.5] of the patients developed troponin elevations, none experienced a CV event. No significant changes were found in 3D left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction nor in global longitudinal strain f (56 \u00b1 6% vs. 56 \u00b1 6%, p = 0.903 and \u221217.8% [\u221218.5; \u221214.2] vs. \u221217.0% [\u221218.8; \u221215.1], p = 0.663) at 3 months. There were also no significant changes in diastolic function and right ventricular function. In addition, there was poor agreement between hs-TnT and hs-TnI. Methods: Here, we present a preliminary analysis of the first 59 patients included in our ongoing prospective clinical trial (NCT05699915) during the first three months of treatment. All patients underwent electrocardiography and echocardiography along with blood sampling at standardized time intervals. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of elevated hs-TnT levels within the first three months of ICI treatment. Elevations were defined as hs-TnT above the upper limit of normal (ULN) if the baseline value was normal, or 1.5 \u2265 times baseline if the baseline value was above the ULN. Conclusions: Hs-TnT elevations occurred in 10.6% of the patients. However, no significant changes were found on 3D echocardiography, nor did any of the patients develop a CV event. There were also no changes found in NT-proBNP. The study is still ongoing, but these preliminary findings do not show a promising role for cardiac troponins nor for echocardiographic dynamics in the prediction of CV events during the early stages of ICI treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17070965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,25]],"date-time":"2024-07-25T06:11:36Z","timestamp":1721887896000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Close Cardiovascular Monitoring during the Early Stages of Treatment for Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Danielle","family":"Delombaerde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Cancer Center Ghent, Department of Medical Oncology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4607-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christof","family":"Vulsteke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Cancer Center Ghent, Department of Medical Oncology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Van de Veire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Free University Brussels, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Vervloet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Moerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Van Calster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieselot","family":"Croes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Gremonprez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Cancer Center Ghent, Department of Medical Oncology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"De Meulenaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Cancer Center Ghent, Department of Medical Oncology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximena","family":"Elzo Kraemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Cancer Center Ghent, Department of Medical Oncology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristien","family":"Wouters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antwerp University Hospital, Clinical Trial Center (CTC), CRC Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8802-7352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Prenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Oncologic Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"De Sutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, AZ Maria Middelares, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","article-title":"Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma","volume":"373","author":"Larkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1712126","article-title":"Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma","volume":"378","author":"Motzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00600-w","article-title":"Immune-checkpoint inhibitors: Long-term implications of toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013757","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013757","article-title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Myocarditis: Pathophysiological Characteristics, Diagnosis, and Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Palaskas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa884","article-title":"The risk of cardiac events in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: A nationwide Danish study","volume":"42","author":"Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa959","article-title":"Are we underestimating the potential for cardiotoxicity related to immune checkpoint inhibitors?","volume":"42","author":"Totzeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01808","article-title":"Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"40","author":"Laenens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Chen, Z., Qin, S., Zhu, Y., Shu, L., and Zuo, Z. (2023). Incidence of adverse cardiovascular events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and risk factors for left ventricular dysfunction: A single-center prospective clinical study. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1052699"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01806","article-title":"Prospective Cardiovascular Surveillance of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Based Combination Therapy in Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Cancer: Data from the Phase III JAVELIN Renal 101 Trial","volume":"40","author":"Rini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faubry, C., Faure, M., Toublanc, A.-C., Veillon, R., Lema\u00eetre, A.-I., Vergnen\u00e8gre, C., Cochet, H., Khan, S., Raherison, C., and Dos Santos, P. (2022). A Prospective Study to Detect Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Associated with Myocarditis Among Patients Treated for Lung Cancer. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.878211"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.10.007","article-title":"Longitudinal Strain and Troponin I Elevation in Patients Undergoing Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy","volume":"4","author":"Tamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2022.07.009","article-title":"Prospective screening for myocarditis in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"81","author":"Furukawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6385","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline","volume":"36","author":"Brahmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01440","article-title":"Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: ASCO Guideline Update","volume":"39","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, J.A., Schneider, B.J., Brahmer, J., Achufusi, A., Armand, P., Berkenstock, M.K., Bhatia, S., Budde, L.E., Chokshi, S., and Davies, M. (2022). Management of Immunotherapy-Related Toxicities, Version 1.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Off. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw., 20.","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2022.0020"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4229","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac244","article-title":"2022 ESC Guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)Developed by the task force on cardio-oncology of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"43","author":"Lyon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.06.008","article-title":"What Is the Evidence of the Diagnostic Criteria and Screening of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor\u2013Induced Myocarditis?","volume":"4","author":"Thuny","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2024, June 01). Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0, Available online: http:\/\/evs.nci.nih.gov\/ftp1\/CTCAE\/About.html."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2018.292086","article-title":"Comparison between High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T and Cardiac Troponin I in a Large General Population Cohort","volume":"64","author":"Welsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030571","article-title":"Clinical features, management, and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity","volume":"136","author":"Escudier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.037","article-title":"Myocarditis in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"71","author":"Mahmood","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2021.100216","article-title":"Clinical implications of isolated troponinemia following immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"6","author":"Delombaerde","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0452","article-title":"Serial Troponin for Early Detection of Nivolumab Cardiotoxicity in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients","volume":"23","author":"Sarocchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13400","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13400","article-title":"Pre-treatment high-sensitivity troponin T for the short-term prediction of cardiac outcomes in patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"51","author":"Petricciuolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e196","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0040","article-title":"Myocarditis Surveillance in Patients with Advanced Melanoma on Combination Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Experience","volume":"24","author":"Chuy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2021.01.004","article-title":"Myocarditis Surveillance with High-Sensitivity Troponin I During Cancer Treatment with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Waliany","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirabel, M., Eslami, A., Thibault, C., Oudard, S., Mousseaux, E., Wahbi, K., Fabre, E., Terrier, B., Marijon, E., and Villefaillot, A. (2024). Adverse myocardial and vascular side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: A prospective multimodal cardiovascular assessment. Clin. Res. Cardiol., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-024-02462-x"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.114191","article-title":"Prospective cardiovascular events in patients with advanced thoracic cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor","volume":"207","author":"Toublanc","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-022-02103-1","article-title":"Routine assessment of cardiotoxicity in patients undergoing long-term immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"37","author":"Tamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurzhals, J.K., Graf, T., Boch, K., Grzyska, U., Frydrychowicz, A., Zillikens, D., Terheyden, P., and Langan, E.A. (2021). Serum Troponin T Concentrations Are Frequently Elevated in Advanced Skin Cancer Patients Prior to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Experience From a Single Tertiary Referral Center. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.691618"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e410","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac056","article-title":"Incidence, Clinical Characteristics, and Predictors of Cardiovascular Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","volume":"27","author":"Isawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-022-02118-8","article-title":"The predictive value of high sensitivity troponin measurements in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"112","author":"Waissengein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishikawa, T., Inoue, T., Otsuka, T., Kuno, I., Kukita, Y., Nakamura, H., Ikeda, Y., Yasui, T., Shioyama, W., and Oka, T. (2022). Prevalence and characteristics of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocardial damage: A prospective observational study. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275865"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, A., Yuan, M., Zhan, X., Zhao, G., Mu, G., Wang, T., Hu, H., and Fu, H. (2022). Early detection of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related subclinical cardiotoxicity: A pilot study by using speckle tracking imaging and three-dimensional echocardiography. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1087287"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e618","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000617","article-title":"Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018)","volume":"138","author":"Thygesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz026","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"115","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"E895","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-020-10042-3","article-title":"The Role of Biomarkers in Cardio-Oncology","volume":"13","author":"Ananthan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307848","article-title":"Cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with cancer and their association with all-cause mortality","volume":"101","author":"Pavo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Welsh, P., Preiss, D., and Sattar, N. (2023, September 13). Utility of High-Sensitivity Troponin T and I: Are They the Same?\u2014American College of Cardiology 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.acc.org\/Latest-in-Cardiology\/Articles\/2019\/11\/21\/07\/26\/Utility-of-High-Sensitivity-Troponin-T-and-I."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.062405","article-title":"Cardiomuscular Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Prognostication of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Myocarditis","volume":"148","author":"Lehmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-305538","article-title":"Prognostic implications of global LV dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global longitudinal strain and ejection fraction","volume":"100","author":"Kalam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamura, Y., and Tamura, Y. (2023). Usefulness of Longitudinal Strain to Assess Cancer Therapy-Related Cardiac Dysfunction and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Myocarditis. Pharm, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091297"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.2952","article-title":"Assessment of Prognostic Value of Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain for Early Prediction of Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u0142awi\u0144ski, G., Hawryszko, M., Li\u017cewska-Springer, A., Nabia\u0142ek-Trojanowska, I., and Lewicka, E. (2023). Global Longitudinal Strain in Cardio-Oncology: A Review. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030986"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.14944","article-title":"Role of myocardial strain imaging in surveillance and management of cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction: A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"McGregor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.11.049","article-title":"Global Longitudinal Strain and Cardiac Events in Patients with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Related Myocarditis","volume":"75","author":"Awadalla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14094","article-title":"Right ventricular and atrial strain in patients with advanced melanoma undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"9","author":"Pohl","year":"2022","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehaa946.3261","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/ehaa946.3261","article-title":"Left ventricular global longitudinal strain reduction in patients with melanoma and extra-cardiac immune-related adverse events during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy","volume":"41","author":"Mincu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delombaerde, D., De Sutter, J., Croes, L., Vervloet, D., Moerman, V., Van de Veire, N., Willems, A.-M., Wouters, K., Peeters, M., and Prenen, H. (2023). Extensive CArdioVAscular Characterization and Follow-Up of Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Prospective Multicenter Study. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040625"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2010.12.008","article-title":"ACCF\/ASE\/AHA\/ASNC\/HFSA\/HRS\/SCAI\/SCCM\/SCCT\/SCMR 2011 Appropriate use criteria for echocardiography","volume":"24","author":"Douglas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, P.A., Taylor, R., Minor, B.L., Elliott, V., Fernandez, M., O\u2019Neal, L., McLeod, L., Delacqua, G., Delacqua, F., and Kirby, J. (2019). The REDCap consortium: Building an international community of software platform partners. J. Biomed. Inform., 95.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/7\/965\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:20:42Z","timestamp":1760109642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/7\/965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ph17070965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17070965","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,21]]}}}