{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:16:34Z","timestamp":1790914594231,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kidney transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage renal failure but is associated with complications, including post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM). It affects the quality of life and survival of patients and the transplanted organ. It can cause complications, including infections and episodes of acute rejection, further threatening graft survival. The prevalence of PTDM, depending on the source, can range from 4 to 30% in transplant patients. This article aims to discuss issues related to diabetes in kidney transplant patients and the latest treatments. Knowledge of the mechanisms of action of immunosuppressive drugs used after transplantation and their effect on carbohydrate metabolism is key to the rapid and effective detection of PTDM. Patient therapy should not only include standard management such as lifestyle modification, insulin therapy or pharmacotherapy based on well-known oral and injection drugs. New opportunities are offered by hypoglycemic drugs still in clinical trials, including glucokinase activators, such as dorzagliatin, ADV-1002401, LY2608204, TMG-123, imeglimine, amycretin and pramlintide. Although many therapeutic options are currently available, PTDM often creates uncertainty about the most appropriate treatment strategy. Therefore, more research is needed to individualize therapeutic plans and monitor these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17080987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T06:17:44Z","timestamp":1721974664000},"page":"987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Managing Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus after Kidney Transplantation: Challenges and Advances in Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0929-9419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Rudzki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7866-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Knop-Chody\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7896-0907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Piasecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Queen Jadwiga\u2019s Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2 in Rzeszow, Lwowska 60, 35-301 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3595-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kochanowska-Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski Province Specialist Hospital, al. Kra\u015bnicka 100, 20-718 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8220-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"G\u0142az","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of medicine, Medical University of Lublin, al. Rac\u0142awickie 1, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7819-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Weso\u0142ek-Bielaska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1084","article-title":"Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus: Causes, Treatment, and Impact on Outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Shivaswamy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Sun, J., Guo, M., and Yuan, X. (2023). Progress of new-onset diabetes after liver and kidney transplantation. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1091843"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Solhjoo, M., and Kumar, S.C. (2024, May 20). New Onset Diabetes After Transplant, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK544220\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SS3","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000069952.49242.3E","article-title":"New-onset diabetes after transplantation: 2003 international consensus guidelines1","volume":"75","author":"Davidson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e8431","article-title":"The Effect of Anemia and the Goal of Optimal HbA1c Control in Diabetes and Non-Diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Katwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.12042","article-title":"Validity of glycated haemoglobin to diagnose new onset diabetes after transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Shabir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplant. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12850","article-title":"Proceedings from an international consensus meeting on posttransplantation diabetes mellitus: Recommendations and future directions","volume":"14","author":"Sharif","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2014, April 10). New-Onset Diabetes After Transplantation (NODAT) A Scientific Session on Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in Preparation of the 2013 International Consensus Guidelines. Vienna, Austria, 8 September 2013. Available online: http:\/\/vienna.esot.org\/Science\/Preparation-of-the-new-International-Consensus-Guidelines."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2018). 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care, 41, S13\u2013S27.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-S002"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0004042021","article-title":"New Onset Diabetes Mellitus after Transplant: The Challenge Continues","volume":"2","author":"Aziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.06.026","article-title":"Prediabetes is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease following renal transplantation","volume":"96","author":"Porrini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rysz, J., Franczyk, B., Radek, M., Cia\u0142kowska-Rysz, A., and Gluba-Brz\u00f3zka, A. (2021). Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk in Renal Transplant Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073422"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001453","article-title":"Incidence of Posttransplantation Diabetes Mellitus in De Novo Kidney Transplant Recipients Receiving Prolonged-Release Tacrolimus-Based Immunosuppression with 2 Different Corticosteroid Minimization Strategies: ADVANCE, A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"101","author":"Mourad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alajous, S., and Budhiraja, P. (2024). New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus after Kidney Transplantation. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202402.0314.v1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2013.10.060","article-title":"Insulin resistance as a risk factor for new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation","volume":"46","author":"Tokodai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1894","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2-cell dysfunction and risk of new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation","volume":"36","author":"Zelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, F. (2020). Analysis of Influencing Factors of Blood Glucose Changes and Islet Function in Patients with Abnormal Glucose Metabolism after Renal Transplantation, Qingdao University.","DOI":"10.12677\/ACM.2020.106151"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R109","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0516","article-title":"Mechanisms of \u03b2-cell dedifferentiation in diabetes: Recent findings and future research directions","volume":"236","author":"Bensellam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pham, N.-Y.T., Cruz, D., Madera-Marin, L., Ravender, R., and Garcia, P. (2024). Diabetic Kidney Disease in Post-Kidney Transplant Patients. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13030793"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1885","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1266","article-title":"Cyclosporine A and tacrolimus reduce the amount of GLUT4 at the cell surface in human adipocytes: Increased endocytosis as a potential mechanism for the diabetogenic effects of immunosuppressive agents","volume":"99","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14323","article-title":"Deciphering Tacrolimus-Induced Toxicity in Pancreatic \u03b2 Cells","volume":"17","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13253","article-title":"Japan Academic Consortium of Kidney Transplantation (JACK). Diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation in Japanese patients: The Japan Academic Consortium of Kidney Transplantation study","volume":"24","author":"Okumi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31826e592e","article-title":"Calcineurin inhibition and new-onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation","volume":"95","author":"Chakkera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i3.445","article-title":"New-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation: Current status and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Palepu","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, L.M., Chang, J.M., and Kuo, H.T. (2023). Diabetic Kidney Disease in Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus: Causes, Treatment and Outcomes. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020470"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2009.035","article-title":"Long-term management of patients taking immunosuppressive drugs","volume":"32","author":"Hsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. Prescr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1184554","article-title":"Immunosupresja\u2014Wymagaj\u0105cy sprzymierzeniec na trudne czasy [Immunosuppression\u2014Tough ally in torrid time]","volume":"69","author":"Ograczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Durlik, M., and Danielewicz, R. (2021). Zalecenia Dotycz\u0105ce Leczenia Immunosupresyjnego po Przeszczepieniu Narz\u0105d\u00f3w Unaczynionych, Fundacja Zjednoczeni dla Transplantacji."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"102","article-title":"Leczenie immunosupresyjne po przeszczepieniu nerki","volume":"2","author":"Klimczak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prz. Urol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strehl, C., Ehlers, L., Gaber, T., and Buttgereit, F. (2019). Glucocorticoids-All-Rounders Tackling the Versatile Players of the Immune System. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01744"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/87551225221116266","article-title":"Complications of Corticosteroid Therapy: A Comprehensive Literature Review","volume":"38","author":"Koshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"378","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and Diabetes","volume":"113","author":"Bauerle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e318203c25f","article-title":"New-onset diabetes mellitus in kidney transplant recipients discharged on steroid-free immunosuppression","volume":"91","author":"Luan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alfieri, C., Favi, E., Campioli, E., Cicero, E., Molinari, P., Campise, M., Gandolfo, M.T., Regalia, A., Cresseri, D., and Messa, P. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Abnormal Glucose Metabolism and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus after Kidney Transplantation: A Single-Center Retrospective Observational Cohort Study. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58111608"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP96S20","article-title":"Glucocorticoid pathway polymorphisms and diabetes after kidney transplantation","volume":"96","author":"Pahor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2019.08.006","article-title":"The Many Faces of Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity-What the FK?","volume":"27","author":"Farouk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"e31482","article-title":"New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Post-renal Transplant Patients on Tacrolimus and Mycophenolate: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Nandula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e517","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000964","article-title":"Late Conversion from Calcineurin Inhibitors to Belatacept in Kidney-Transplant Recipients Has a Significant Beneficial Impact on Glycemic Parameters","volume":"6","author":"Terrec","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad258","article-title":"International consensus on post-transplantation diabetes mellitus","volume":"39","author":"Sharif","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2022.07.011","article-title":"Post-transplant diabetes mellitus following heart transplantation","volume":"41","author":"Newman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002769","article-title":"Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors Combined with Calcineurin Inhibitors as Initial Immunosuppression in Renal Transplantation: A Meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Montero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad395","article-title":"Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus: Recent Developments in Pharmacological Management of Hyperglycemia","volume":"109","author":"Cusi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2016.005","article-title":"New-onset diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation","volume":"160","author":"Goldmannova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky. Olomouc Czech Repub."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byambasukh, O., Ost\u00e9, M.C.J., Gomes-Neto, A.W., van den Berg, E., Navis, G., Bakker, S.J.L., and Corpeleijn, E. (2020). Physical Activity and the Development of Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus, and Cardiovascular- and All-Cause Mortality in Renal Transplant Recipients. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020415"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klangjareonchai, T., Eguchi, N., Tantisattamo, E., Ferrey, A.J., Reddy, U., Dafoe, D.C., and Ichii, H. (2021). Current Pharmacological Intervention and Medical Management for Diabetic Kidney Transplant Recipients. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030413"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saqib, S., Ullah, F., Naeem, M., Younas, M., Ayaz, A., Ali, S., and Zaman, W. (2022). Mentha: Nutritional and Health Attributes to Treat Various Ailments Including Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196728"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"835","article-title":"Bioactive Potential of Cultivated Mentha arvensis L. For preservation and production of health-oriented food","volume":"32","author":"Asghar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002969","article-title":"Comparing Glycaemic Benefits of Active Versus Passive Lifestyle Intervention in Kidney Allograft Recipients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"104","author":"Kuningas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12534","article-title":"New-onset diabetes after renal transplantation","volume":"31","author":"Tufton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"127","article-title":"Prevention and management of new-onset diabetes mellitus in kidney transplantation","volume":"72","author":"Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponticelli, C., Favi, E., and Ferraresso, M. (2021). New-Onset Diabetes after Kidney Transplantation. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57030250"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tilinca, M.C., Tiuca, R.A., Tilea, I., and Varga, A. (2021). The SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Personalized Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus Patients. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11121249"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2014.07.011","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and renal transplantation in adults: Is there enough evidence for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of new-onset diabetes after renal transplantation?","volume":"46","author":"Suarez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-018-1137-8","article-title":"Post-transplantation diabetes in kidney transplant recipients: An update on management and prevention","volume":"55","author":"Conte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2013.12.004","article-title":"Obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation: Prevention and treatment","volume":"28","author":"Wissing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.3805","article-title":"Metformin in 2019","volume":"321","author":"Flory","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1270-y","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones: The Forgotten Diabetes Medications","volume":"19","author":"Lebovitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Diab Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2012). LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2018.04.005","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of Antidiabetic Drugs","volume":"83","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4158\/EP151039.RA","article-title":"Hyperglycemia management in patients with posttransplantation diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Galindo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12518","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of vildagliptin in new-onset diabetes after kidney transplantation--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Haidinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004373","article-title":"Sitagliptin Versus Placebo to Reduce the Incidence and Severity of Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus After Kidney Transplantation-A Single-center, Randomized, Double-blind Controlled Trial","volume":"107","author":"Hagopian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, W.Q., Cai, Z.J., Chen, T., Liu, M.B., Li, N., and Zheng, B. (2021). Cost-Effectiveness of Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 Inhibitors Added to Metformin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in China. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.684960"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i5.541","article-title":"Recent advances in new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Prasad","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/tri.13783","article-title":"Management of post-transplant diabetes: Immunosuppression, early prevention, and novel antidiabetics","volume":"34","author":"Hecking","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant. Int."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0330","article-title":"CV Protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial: A \u201cThrifty Substrate\u201d Hypothesis","volume":"39","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1271","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.76686","article-title":"Erythrocytosis induced by sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors","volume":"192","author":"Solh","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101102","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes\u2014State-of-the-art","volume":"46","author":"Nauck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2383","article-title":"GLP-1 Restores Altered Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in Posttransplantation Diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Halden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2018.03.087","article-title":"Management of Diabetes Mellitus with Glucagonlike Peptide-1 Agonist Liraglutide in Renal Transplant Recipients: A Retrospective Study","volume":"50","author":"Liou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15223","article-title":"Empagliflozin in posttransplantation diabetes mellitus: A prospective, interventional pilot study on glucose metabolism, fluid volume, and patient safety","volume":"19","author":"Schwaiger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0093","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin in Renal Transplant Recipients with Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"42","author":"Halden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1159\/000501854","article-title":"Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibition in Kidney Transplant Recipients with Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"44","author":"Mahling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4103\/ijn.IJN_2_18","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Canagliflozin in Kidney Transplant Patients","volume":"29","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.05.023","article-title":"Use of Empagliflozin in Recipients of Kidney Transplant: A Report of 8 Cases","volume":"51","author":"Attallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1066","article-title":"Coadministration of liraglutide with tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients: A case series","volume":"36","author":"Pinelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13964","article-title":"Comparison of the glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists dulaglutide and liraglutide for the management of diabetes in solid organ transplant: A retrospective study","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e524","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000971","article-title":"The Use of GLP1R Agonists for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"6","author":"Kukla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant. Direct."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00786-1","article-title":"A Retrospective Study of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists for the Management of Diabetes After Transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Thangavelu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01746-8","article-title":"Tirzepatide: First Approval","volume":"82","author":"Syed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel, S.M., Varghese, E., Kubatka, P., and B\u00fcsselberg, D. (2022). Tirzepatide-Friend or Foe in Diabetic Cancer Patients?. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111580"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14831","article-title":"Tirzepatide for the treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes: An endocrine perspective","volume":"25","author":"Bailey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"522","article-title":"Hormony inkretynowe w leczeniu cukrzycy typu 2 Cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 I: Wp\u0142yw insulinotropowych hormon\u00f3w jelitowych (inkretyn) na metabolizm glukozy","volume":"58","author":"Matuszek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pol. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01797-5","article-title":"Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: Insights from SURPASS clinical program","volume":"22","author":"Lingvay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02188-7","article-title":"Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): A randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial","volume":"398","author":"Kahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfac274","article-title":"Tirzepatide and prevention of chronic kidney disease","volume":"16","author":"Bosch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.32383\/farmpol\/174068","article-title":"Tirzepatide\u2014A new analogue of incretin hormones","volume":"79","author":"Anglart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Farm. Polska"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01278-z","article-title":"Glucokinase Activators for Type 2 Diabetes: Challenges and Future Developments","volume":"80","author":"Toulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01802-6","article-title":"Dorzagliatin in drug-na\u00efve patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-024-01351-5","article-title":"Should Glucokinase be Given a Chance in Diabetes Therapeutics? A Clinical-Pharmacological Review of Dorzagliatin and Lessons Learned So Far","volume":"44","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsumura, Y., Tsushima, Y., Tamura, A., Hasebe, M., Kanou, M., Kato, H., and Kobayashi, T. (2017). TMG-123, a novel glucokinase activator, exerts durable effects on hyperglycemia without increasing triglyceride in diabetic animal models. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172252"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.46.115","article-title":"A novel glucokinase activator TMG-123 causes long-lasting hypoglycemia and impairs spermatogenesis irreversibly in rats","volume":"46","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsumura, Y., Tsushima, Y., Tamura, A., Kato, H., and Kobayashi, T. (2022). Disruptions in hepatic glucose metabolism are involved in the diminished efficacy after chronic treatment with glucokinase activator. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265761"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-020-00971-x","article-title":"Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Globalagliatin, a Glucokinase Activator, in Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Phase Ib, 28-day Ascending Dose Study","volume":"40","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-023-00448-0","article-title":"Unveiling the Influence of a High-Fat Meal on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Globalagliatin, A Glucokinase Activator, in Healthy Chinese Volunteers","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01589-9","article-title":"Imeglimin Hydrochloride: First Approval","volume":"81","author":"Lamb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-023-01531-1","article-title":"Imeglimin: The New Kid on the Block","volume":"24","author":"Shrestha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Diab Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14277","article-title":"Mechanism of action of Imeglimin: A novel therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Vial","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2022.0014","article-title":"Imeglimin: A new antidiabetic drug with potential future in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"73","author":"Nowak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8768954","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8768954","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms by Which Imeglimin Improves Glucose Homeostasis","volume":"2020","author":"Yaribeygi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"(2024, May 20). Obesity Care; Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals. Available online: https:\/\/www.novonordisk.com\/content\/dam\/nncorp\/global\/en\/investors\/irmaterial\/cmd\/2024\/P5-Obesity-Care.pdf."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Reuters (2024, March 07). Novo Nordisk to begin Phase II trial of experimental obesity drug amycretin in H2 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/healthcare-pharmaceuticals\/novo-nordisk-begin-phase-ii-trial-experimental-obesity-drug-amycretin-h2-2024-2024-03-07\/."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"HCPLive (2024, May 20). Novo Nordisk Delivers Updates on Development of Semaglutide, Cagrisema, Amycretin, and More. Available online: https:\/\/www.hcplive.com\/view\/novo-nordisk-delivers-updates-on-development-of-semaglutide-cagrisema-amycretin-and-more."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Hart, R. (2024, March 07). Novo Nordisk\u2019s New Obesity Pill Beats Wegovy in Early Trial. Forbes. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/roberthart\/2024\/03\/07\/novo-nordisks-new-obesity-pill-beats-wegovy-in-early-trial\/."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377-P","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-1377-P","article-title":"1377-P: Pramlintide Lowers Postprandial Glucagon Concentrations by Inhibiting Glucagon Secretion without Altering Clearance in Type 1 Diabetes: A [13C15N]-Glucagon Study","volume":"71","author":"Ruchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66504","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16008","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of pramlintide injection adjunct to insulin therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/8\/987\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:23:42Z","timestamp":1760109822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/8\/987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ph17080987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17080987","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]}}}