{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:21:11Z","timestamp":1788016871583,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Policosanol is a blend of long-chain aliphatic alcohols (LCAAs) and is well-known for several health-beneficial activities; however, the functionality of policosanol varied substantially based on the composition of LCAAs. In this study, two distinct policosanols, Raydel\u00ae (extracted from Cuban sugarcane wax) and BOC Sciences (extracted from Chinese sugarcane wax), were dietarily supplemented (0.1% w\/w) for 12 weeks in hyperlipidemic zebrafish to examine their influence on the blood lipid profile and functionality of the liver, kidney, and reproductive organs. The results demonstrated a noteworthy impact of both policosanols on preventing high-cholesterol diet (HCD, 4% w\/w)-induced dyslipidemia by decreasing total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels in the plasma. However, compared to BOC Sciences, the Raydel\u00ae policosanol exhibited a significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher efficacy in reducing HCD-induced TC and TG levels. A substantial effect was observed exclusively with the Raydel\u00ae policosanol in mitigating HCD-impaired low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Hepatic histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis revealed the higher efficacy of Raydel\u00ae policosanol over BOC Sciences policosanol to prevent HCD-provoked fatty liver changes, cellular senescence, oxidative stress, and interleukin (IL)-6 production. Consistently, a significantly higher effect of Raydel\u00ae over BOC Sciences policosanol was observed on the protection of kidney, testis, and ovary morphology hampered by HCD consumption. In addition, Raydel\u00ae policosanol exhibited a notably stronger effect (~2-fold, p &lt; 0.05) on the egg-laying ability of the zebrafish compared to policosanol from BOC Sciences. Furthermore, Raydel\u00ae policosanol plays a crucial role in improving embryo viability and mitigating developmental defects caused by the intake of an HCD. Conclusively, Raydel\u00ae policosanol displayed a substantially higher efficacy over BOC Sciences policosanol to revert HCD-induced dyslipidemia, the functionality of vital organs, and the reproductive health of zebrafish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17081103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T11:14:41Z","timestamp":1724325281000},"page":"1103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparison of the In Vivo Efficacy of Cuban (Raydel\u00ae) and Chinese (BOC Science) Policosanol in Alleviating Dyslipidemia and Inflammation via Safeguarding Major Organs and Reproductive Health in Hyperlipidemic Zebrafish: A Twelve-Week Consumption Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1198-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunki","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Bahuguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Raydel Research Institute, Medical Innovation Complex, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olatunji, L.K., Jimoh, A.O., Tukur, U.M., and Imam, M.U. (2022). A review of the effects of policosanol on metabolic syndrome. Clin. Complement. Med. Pharmacol., 2.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccmp.2022.100058"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2019.4491","article-title":"Policosanol attenuates cholesterol synthesis via AMPK activation in hypercholesterolemic rats","volume":"22","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Bahuguna, A., Kim, J.-E., and Lee, S.H. (2024). Efficacy Assessment of Five Policosanol Brands and Damage to Vital Organs in Hyperlipidemic Zebrafish by Six-Week Supplementation: Highlighting the Toxicity of Red Yeast Rice and Safety of Cuban Policosanol (Raydel\u00ae). Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17060714"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"207","article-title":"\u201cCopycat-policosanols\u201d versus genuine policosanol","volume":"38","author":"Canavaciolo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. CENIC Cienc. Qu\u00edm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Baek, S.H., Nam, H.-S., Kim, J.-E., Kang, D.-J., Na, H., and Zee, S. (2023). Cuban Sugar Cane Wax Alcohol Exhibited Enhanced Antioxidant, Anti-Glycation and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein (rHDL) with Improved Structural and Functional Correlations: Comparison of Various Policosanols. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043186"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Kim, J.-E., Nam, H.-S., Baek, S.-H., and Bahuguna, A. (2024). Consumption of Policosanol (Raydel\u00ae) Improves Hepatic, Renal, and Reproductive Functions in Zebrafish: In Vivo Comparison Study among Cuban, Chinese, and American Policosanol. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17010066"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, J., Qin, X., Yuan, F., Hu, M., Chen, G., Fang, K., Wang, D., Jiang, S., Li, J., and Zhao, Y. (2018). Efficacy and safety of sugarcane policosanol on dyslipidemia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 62.","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700280"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.05.023","article-title":"Policosanol supplementation significantly improves blood pressure among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Askarpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Kim, S.-J., Yadav, D., Kim, J.-Y., and Kim, J.-R. (2018). Consumption of Cuban policosanol improves blood pressure and lipid profile via enhancement of HDL functionality in healthy women subjects: Randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled study. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4809525"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2015.1745","article-title":"Anti-aging and tissue regeneration ability of policosanol along with lipid-lowering effect in hyperlipidemic zebrafish via enhancement of high-density lipoprotein functionality","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2017.2907","article-title":"Consumption of policosanol enhances HDL functionality via CETP inhibition and reduces blood pressure and visceral fat in young and middle-aged subjects","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"117","article-title":"Comparative study of the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol and lovastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Crespo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"31","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of policosanol in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women","volume":"21","author":"Mirkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(00)80011-9","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of policosanol compared with lovastatin in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia and concomitant coronary risk factors","volume":"61","author":"Castano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200320020-00006","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol with atorvastatin in elderly patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia","volume":"20","author":"Castano","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(97)80099-9","article-title":"A comparative study of policosanol versus simvastatin in elderly patients with hypercholesterolemia","volume":"58","author":"Ortensi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"342B","article-title":"A comparative study on the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol and simvastatin for treating type II hypercholesterolemia","volume":"13","author":"Illnait","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(97)80052-5","article-title":"A comparative study of policosanol versus pravastatin in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia","volume":"58","author":"Benitez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"105","article-title":"Effects of policosanol and pravastatin on lipid profile, platelet aggregation and endothelemia in older hypercholesterolemic patients","volume":"29","author":"Castano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"85","article-title":"comparative study of policosanol versus acipimox in patients with type II hypercholesterolemia","volume":"21","author":"Alcocer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Tissue React."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(97)80074-4","article-title":"A comparative study of policosanol versus probucol in patients with hypercholesterolemia","volume":"58","author":"Pons","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y.-L., Xu, R.-X., Zhu, C.-G., Wu, N.-Q., Cui, Z.-P., and Li, J.-J. (2014). Policosanol attenuates statin-induced increases in serum proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 when combined with atorvastatin. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/926087"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effect of Policosanol Extract and Simvastatin on Some Liver Enzymes and Histopathology In Hypercholestrolemic Female Rats During Lactation","volume":"8","author":"Alkalby","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Educ. Pure Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.06.014","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Policosanol plus Fenofibrate combination therapy in elderly patients with mixed Dyslipidemia: A randomized, controlled clinical study","volume":"356","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2022.05.003","article-title":"Benefits and drawbacks of statins and non-statin lipid lowering agents in carotid artery disease","volume":"73","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, H., Guo, M., Chai, H., Wang, W.T., Gao, Z.Y., and Shi, D.Z. (2018). Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 7.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009835"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccl.2017.12.004","article-title":"Statin intolerance: Some practical hints","volume":"36","author":"Banach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.49807","article-title":"Statin intolerance\u2014An attempt at a unified definition. Position paper from an International Lipid Expert Panel","volume":"11","author":"Banach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Nam, H.-S., Kim, N.-Y., Lee, M.-S., and Kang, D.-J. (2024). Combination Therapy of Cuban Policosanol (Raydel\u00ae, 20 mg) and Intensive Exercise for 12 Weeks Resulted in Improvements in Obesity, Hypertension, and Dyslipidemia without a Decrease in Serum Coenzyme Q10: Enhancement of Lipoproteins Quality and Antioxidant Functionality in Obese Participants. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17010132"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr2030w","article-title":"Effects of dietary fat intake on HDL metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Yanai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001110","article-title":"Complementary and Alternative Medicines in the Management of Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"147","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2024, May 16). Available online: https:\/\/www.sphericalinsights.com\/reports\/policosanol-market."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0682-z","article-title":"Policosanol composition, antioxidant and anti-arthritic activities of milk thistle (Silybium marianum L.) oil at different seed maturity stages","volume":"17","author":"Harrabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Kim, J.-E., and Baek, S.H. (2023). Cuban policosanol (Raydel\u00ae) potently protects the liver, ovary, and testis with an improvement in dyslipidemia in hyperlipidemic zebrafish: A comparative study with three Chinese policosanols. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186609"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Kim, J.-E., Lee, M.-S., and Bahuguna, A. (2024). Cuban Policosanol (Raydel\u00ae) Exerts Higher Antioxidant and Anti-Glycation Activities than Chinese Policosanol (BOC Sciences) in Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activities in Zebrafish and Its Embryos. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17040406"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00210-8","article-title":"Zebrafish disease models in drug discovery: From preclinical modelling to clinical trials","volume":"20","author":"Patton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juan-Garc\u00eda, A., Bind, M.-A., and Engert, F. (2020). Larval zebrafish as an in vitro model for evaluating toxicological effects of mycotoxins. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 202.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110909"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3831\/KPI.2016.19.033","article-title":"Embryonic Zebrafish Model\u2014A Well-Established Method for Rapidly Assessing the Toxicity of Homeopathic Drugs\u2013Toxicity Evaluation of Homeopathic Drugs Using Zebrafish Embryo Model","volume":"19","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacopunct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2013.09.004","article-title":"Zebrafish models of dyslipidemia: Relevance to atherosclerosis and angiogenesis","volume":"163","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-016-0147-y","article-title":"Effects of long-term supplementation of policosanol on blood cholesterol\/glucose levels and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity in a rat model fed high cholesterol diets","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y.P., Cao, F.L., Luo, F.J., and Li, Q.L. (2022). Octacosanol and health benefits: Biological functions and mechanisms of action. Food Biosci., 47.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101632"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, J., Yang, T., Zhou, Y., Xu, W., Han, S., Guo, T., Zhu, L., Qin, D., Luo, Y., and Hu, Z. (2022). Octacosanol modifies obesity, expression profile and inflammation response of hepatic tissues in high-fat diet mice. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11111606"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.107144","article-title":"Policosanol inhibits cholesterol synthesis in hepatoma cells by activation of AMP-kinase","volume":"318","author":"Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.05.013","article-title":"Hexacosanol reduces plasma and hepatic cholesterol by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and suppression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 in HepG2 and C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.14740\/jem642","article-title":"Effects of Policosanol in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Six-Month Study","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H.-J., Yadav, D., Jeong, D.-J., Kim, S.-J., Bae, M.-A., Kim, J.-R., and Cho, K.-H. (2019). Short-term consumption of Cuban policosanol lowers aortic and peripheral blood pressure and ameliorates serum lipid parameters in healthy Korean participants: Randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050809"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216659943","article-title":"Policosanol is a new inhibitor candidate for vascular calcification in diabetic hyperlipidemic rats","volume":"241","author":"Elseweidy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.09.049","article-title":"A high-cholesterol diet exacerbates liver fibrosis in mice via accumulation of free cholesterol in hepatic stellate cells","volume":"142","author":"Teratani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2012.12.009","article-title":"Autophagy: Emerging roles in lipid homeostasis and metabolic control","volume":"1831","author":"Christian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-29-159","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis contributes to chemosensitization effect of saikosaponins on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.09.012","article-title":"Activation of apoptosis signalling pathways by reactive oxygen species","volume":"1863","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0335-y","article-title":"The role of cellular senescence in ageing and endocrine disease","volume":"16","author":"Khosla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flensted-Jensen, M., Or\u00f3, D., R\u00f8rbeck, E.A., Zhang, C., Madsen, M.R., Madsen, A.N., Norlin, J., Feigh, M., Larsen, S., and Hansen, H.H. (2024). Dietary intervention reverses molecular markers of hepatocellular senescence in the GAN diet-induced obese and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH. BMC Gastroenterol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03141-x"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-200205000-00009","article-title":"Hyperlipidemia in kidney disease causes and consequences","volume":"11","author":"Sahadevan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5653\/cerm.2020.04322","article-title":"Effects of cholesterol and Lactobacillus acidophilus on testicular function","volume":"48","author":"Tuna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C.-Y., Chang, T.-C., Lin, S.-H., Wu, S.-T., Cha, T.-L., and Tsao, C.-W. (2020). Metformin ameliorates testicular function and spermatogenesis in male mice with high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced obesity. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071932"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elnagar, G.M., Elseweidy, M.M.M., Elkomy, N.M., Keshawy, M.M., Fathy, O.M., Sobh, M.S., and Mahmoud, Y.K. (2022). Policosanol ameliorates renal inflammation and pyroptosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits via modulation of HMGB1\/PI3K\/mTOR\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1 pathway. J. Funct. Foods, 97.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105250"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-008-9804-7","article-title":"Effects of N-hexacosanol on nitric oxide synthase system in diabetic rat nephropathy","volume":"315","author":"Okada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.06.001","article-title":"N-hexacosanol ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat nephropathy","volume":"544","author":"Saito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/tcm.1770140302","article-title":"Teratogenic and reproductive studies of policosanol in the rat and rabbit","volume":"14","year":"1994","journal-title":"Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew316","article-title":"Effects of dietary octacosanol supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, serum hormone levels, and expression of genes related to the reproductive axis in laying hens","volume":"96","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Kim, J.-E., Bahuguna, A., and Kang, D.-J. (2023). Long-term supplementation of ozonated sunflower oil improves dyslipidemia and hepatic inflammation in hyperlipidemic zebrafish: Suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation against carboxymethyllysine toxicity. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.1028.v1"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, A.H., Jacobson, K.A., Rose, J., and Zeller, R. (2008). Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue and cell sections. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc., 2008.","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot4986"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2020.02.006","article-title":"The conserved and divergent roles of Prdm3 and Prdm16 in zebrafish and mouse craniofacial development","volume":"461","author":"Shull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, K.-H., Bahuguna, A., Kang, D.-J., and Kim, J.-E. (2024). Prolonged Supplementation of Ozonated Sunflower Oil Bestows an Antiaging Effect, Improves Blood Lipid Profile and Spinal Deformities, and Protects Vital Organs of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) against Age-Related Degeneration: Two-Years Consumption Study. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13010123"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/8\/1103\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:41:46Z","timestamp":1760110906000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/8\/1103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ph17081103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17081103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]}}}