{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T05:26:54Z","timestamp":1772861214590,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1C1C1013481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1C1C1013481"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Androgenetic alopecia is a common disease that occurs in both men and women. Several approved medications have been used to treat this condition, but they are associated with certain side effects. Therefore, use of extracts derived from natural products, such as Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii), and the regulation of the gut microbiota have become important topics of research. Sturgeon is known for its high nutritional value and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its effects on androgenetic alopecia and gut microbiota remain uncharacterized. Here, we aimed to investigate whether solubilized sturgeon oil (SSO) promotes hair growth and regulates the gut microbiome. C57BL\/6 mice were divided into four groups. Three groups received topical applications of distilled water, SSO, or minoxidil, and one group was orally administered SSO. Each treatment was administered over 4 weeks. Histopathological analysis revealed a significant increase in follicle number (p &lt; 0.001) and follicle diameter (p &lt; 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed upregulation of \u03b2-catenin and ERK-1, markers involved in hair growth-promoting pathways. Furthermore, microbiome analysis revealed that the reduced gut microbiota was negatively correlated with these markers. Our findings indicate that oral administration of SSO promotes hair growth and regulates the abundance of hair growth-promoting gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17091112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T12:53:19Z","timestamp":1724417599000},"page":"1112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hair Growth Promoting Effects of Solubilized Sturgeon Oil and Its Correlation with the Gut Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jihee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7101-7115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinho","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-kwang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sturgeon Bio Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28581, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gwangsu","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Life Resources, College of Science and Technology, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamin","family":"Ban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedical Research, Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4880-6340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunseok","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heetae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youngcheon","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chong-kil","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0105-5885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Bum","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyungjae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease","volume":"90","author":"Sekirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leeming, E.R., Johnson, A.J., Spector, T.D., and Le Roy, C.I. (2019). Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122862"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, D., Huang, J., Li, K., Chen, Y., He, Y., Sun, Y., Guo, Y., Du, L., Qu, Q., and Miao, Y. (2021). Dihydrotestosterone-induced hair regrowth inhibition by activating androgen receptor in C57BL6 mice simulates androgenetic alopecia. Biomed. Pharmacother., 137.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111247"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02793","article-title":"The hair cycle","volume":"119","author":"Alonso","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdvl.IJDVL_262_17","article-title":"Genetic and molecular aspects of androgenetic alopecia","volume":"84","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2012.24.1.26","article-title":"Effect of IGF-I on Hair Growth Is Related to the Anti-Apoptotic Effect of IGF-I and Up-Regulation of PDGF-A and PDGF-B","volume":"24","author":"Ahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/1224","article-title":"The Study of Growth Factors in Patients with Androgenic Alopecia","volume":"10","author":"Kubanov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/1097","article-title":"The Role of the VEGF, KGF, EGF, and TGF-\u03b21 Growth Factors in the Pathogenesis of Telogen Effluvium in Women","volume":"10","author":"Kubanov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2016.0234","article-title":"Epidermal Growth Factor Induces Proliferation of Hair Follicle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Through Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mediated Activation of ERK and AKT Signaling Pathways Associated with Upregulation of Cyclin D1 and Downregulation of p16","volume":"26","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205150","article-title":"Hepatocyte growth factor\/scatter factor activates proliferation in melanoma cells through p38 MAPK, ATF-2 and cyclin D1","volume":"21","author":"Recio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.02.054","article-title":"The effectiveness of treatments for androgenetic alopecia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Adil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S214907","article-title":"Minoxidil and its use in hair disorders: A review","volume":"13","author":"Suchonwanit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boisvert, W.A., Yu, M., Choi, Y., Jeong, G.H., Zhang, Y.L., Cho, S., Choi, C., Lee, S., and Lee, B.H. (2017). Hair growth-promoting effect of Geranium sibiricum extract in human dermal papilla cells and C57BL\/6 mice. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1624-4"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00912-0","article-title":"Gut microbiome alterations in high-fat-diet-fed mice are associated with antibiotic tolerance","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.155","article-title":"High-fat diet alters gut microbiota physiology in mice","volume":"8","author":"Daniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6ra14","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3000322","article-title":"The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: A metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice","volume":"1","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2022.120453","article-title":"Gut microbiota in alopecia areata","volume":"39","author":"Brzychcy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, D.R., Yoo, H.Y., Kim, M.J., Singh, V., Park, S.H., Jeong, M., Park, B.J., and Shin, J.H. (2022). Comparative analysis of scalp and gut microbiome in androgenetic alopecia: A Korean cross-sectional study. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1076242"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2023-00056","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila promotes testosterone-mediated hair growth inhibition in mice","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB Bioadv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.07.057","article-title":"Intestinal Dysbiosis and Biotin Deprivation Induce Alopecia through Overgrowth of Lactobacillus murinus in Mice","volume":"20","author":"Hayashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.02.148","article-title":"Fatty acid composition in tissues of the farmed Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)","volume":"159","author":"Nieminen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, R., Liu, Z., Wang, J., Jin, W., Abdu, H.I., Pei, J., Wang, Q., and Abd El-Aty, A.M. (2022). A review of the nutritional value and biological activities of sturgeon processed byproducts. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1024309"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, J.I., Yoon, H.S., Kim, S.M., Park, J.E., Hyun, Y.J., Ko, A., Ahn, Y.S., Koh, Y.S., Hyun, J.W., and Yoo, E.S. (2018). Mackerel-Derived Fermented Fish Oil Promotes Hair Growth by Anagen-Stimulating Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092770"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natarelli, N., Gahoonia, N., and Sivamani, R.K. (2023). Integrative and Mechanistic Approach to the Hair Growth Cycle and Hair Loss. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12030893"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12127","article-title":"Effect of a nutritional supplement on hair loss in women","volume":"14","author":"Cheniti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12271","article-title":"Fatty acid supplements improve hair coat condition in rhesus macaques","volume":"46","author":"Hamel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2016.28.1.55","article-title":"Role of Arachidonic Acid in Promoting Hair Growth","volume":"28","author":"Munkhbayar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.03.003","article-title":"N-3 PUFAs attenuate ischemia\/reperfusion induced intestinal barrier injury by activating I-FABP-PPAR\u03b3 pathway","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myles, I.A., Pincus, N.B., Fontecilla, N.M., and Datta, S.K. (2014). Effects of parental omega-3 fatty acid intake on offspring microbiome and immunity. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087181"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaliannan, K., Wang, B., Li, X.Y., Kim, K.J., and Kang, J.X. (2015). A host-microbiome interaction mediates the opposing effects of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids on metabolic endotoxemia. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11276"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6987","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02772F","article-title":"Sturgeon hydrolysates alleviate DSS-induced colon colitis in mice by modulating NF-kappaB, MAPK, and microbiota composition","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2024.106093","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of solubilized sturgeon oil in a mouse model of house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, S.B., Park, H.J., and Lee, B.H. (2022). Hair-Growth-Promoting Effects of the Fish Collagen Peptide in Human Dermal Papilla Cells and C57BL\/6 Mice Modulating Wnt\/beta-Catenin and BMP Signaling Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911904"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2009.11.005","article-title":"Review of hair follicle dermal cells","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, J.Y., Choi, Y.H., Kim, J., Park, S.Y., Nam, Y.J., Lee, S.Y., Jeon, J.H., Jin, M.H., and Lee, S. (2020). Polygonum multiflorum extract support hair growth by elongating anagen phase and abrogating the effect of androgen in cultured human dermal papilla cells. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-02940-5"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.082446","article-title":"Hair follicle dermal papilla cells at a glance","volume":"124","author":"Driskell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X640538","article-title":"Hair follicle stem cells derived from single rat vibrissa via organ culture reconstitute hair follicles in vivo","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.12.034","article-title":"Lgr4 Deletion Delays the Hair Cycle and Inhibits the Activation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells","volume":"140","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1159\/000506155","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Hair Growth and Regeneration: Current Understanding and Novel Paradigms","volume":"236","author":"Houschyar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., Shin, J.H., Kim, J.Y., Ju, H.J., and Kim, G.M. (2024). Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiota in Patients with Alopecia Areata. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25084256"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241209","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2241209","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the major fermentation metabolite lactate determine occurrence of Peptostreptococcaceae in infant feces","volume":"15","author":"Kyhnau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530316666160831093813","article-title":"Gut Microbiota of Obese, Type 2 Diabetic Individuals is Enriched in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Akkermansia muciniphila and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius after Weight Loss","volume":"16","author":"Remely","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000002053","article-title":"Endometrial microbiota from endometrial cancer and paired pericancer tissues in postmenopausal women: Differences and clinical relevance","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maheux, A.F., Boudreau, D.K., Abed, J.Y., B\u00e9rub\u00e9, \u00c8., Brodeur, S., Bernard, K.A., Hashimi, A., Ducrey, \u00c9., Guay, \u00c9.F., and Raymond, F. (2019). Criibacterium bergeronii gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Peptostreptococcaceae, isolated from human clinical samples. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 71.","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004691"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loftus, M., Hassouneh, S.A.-D., and Yooseph, S. (2021). Bacterial community structure alterations within the colorectal cancer gut microbiome. BMC Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02153-x"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.112","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 triggered oxidative stress and abnormal energy metabolism in gut microbiota","volume":"3","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Lee, Y.-K. (2023). Functional Composition for Hair Loss Relief and Hair Growth Containing Sturgeon Water-Soluble Oil. (10-2509801), KR Patent."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2019.05.013","article-title":"Effects of a gintonin-enriched fraction on hair growth: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0185-z","article-title":"A novel and safe small molecule enhances hair follicle regeneration by facilitating metabolic reprogramming","volume":"50","author":"Son","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"47","article-title":"The Effect of LhGH on Hair Regeneration in C57BL\/6CrN Mouse","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, D., Lee, H., Lee, J., Lee, M., Cho, S., Kim, T., and Kim, H. (2021). Micro-Current Stimulation Has Potential Effects of Hair Growth-Promotion on Human Hair Follicle-Derived Papilla Cells and Animal Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094361"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-019-0178-0","article-title":"The effect of Lactobacillus plantarum hydrolysates promoting VEGF production on vascular growth and hair growth of C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"10","author":"Woo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/9\/1112\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:42:22Z","timestamp":1760110942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/17\/9\/1112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ph17091112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph17091112","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]}}}