{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:51:20Z","timestamp":1792086680831,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania","award":["CNFIS-FDI-2024-F-0570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNFIS-FDI-2024-F-0570"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The study explores the potential of various deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to serve as drug delivery systems and pharmaceutical excipients. The research focuses on two primary objectives: evaluating the ability of the selected DES systems to enhance the solubility of two poorly water-soluble model drugs (IBU and MFA), and evaluating their physicochemical properties, including density, viscosity, flow behavior, surface tension, thermal stability, and water dilution effects, to determine their suitability for pharmaceutical applications. Methods: A range of DES systems containing pharmaceutically acceptable constituents was explored, encompassing organic acid-based, sugar- and sugar alcohol-based, and hydrophobic systems, as well as menthol (MNT)-based DES systems with common pharmaceutical excipients. MNT-based DESs exhibited the most significant solubility enhancements. Results: IBU solubility reached 379.69 mg\/g in MNT: PEG 400 (1:1) and 356.3 mg\/g in MNT:oleic acid (1:1), while MFA solubility peaked at 17.07 mg\/g in MNT:Miglyol 812\u00aeN (1:1). In contrast, solubility in hydrophilic DES systems was significantly lower, with choline chloride: glycerol (1:2) and arginine: glycolic acid (1:8) showing the best results. While demonstrating lower solubility compared to the MNT-based systems, sugar-based DESs exhibited increased tunability via water and glycerol addition both in terms of solubility and physicochemical properties, such as viscosity and surface tension. Conclusions: Our study introduces novel DES systems, expanding the repertoire of pharmaceutically acceptable DES formulations and opening new avenues for the rational design of tailored solvent systems to overcome solubility challenges and enhance drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17101316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T06:27:31Z","timestamp":1727850451000},"page":"1316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Exploring Deep Eutectic Solvents as Pharmaceutical Excipients: Enhancing the Solubility of Ibuprofen and Mefenamic Acid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mihaela-Alexandra","family":"Nica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Innovative Therapeutic Structures Research and Development Centre (InnoTher), \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1266-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Anu\u021ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Innovative Therapeutic Structures Research and Development Centre (InnoTher), \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian Andi","family":"Nicolae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry\u2014ICECHIM Bucharest, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3139-9865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u0103cr\u0103mioara","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Innovative Therapeutic Structures Research and Development Centre (InnoTher), \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-9203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela Violeta","family":"Ghica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Innovative Therapeutic Structures Research and Development Centre (InnoTher), \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florentina-Iuliana","family":"Coco\u0219","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Innovative Therapeutic Structures Research and Development Centre (InnoTher), \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina-Elena","family":"Dinu-P\u00eervu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Innovative Therapeutic Structures Research and Development Centre (InnoTher), \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Str., 020956 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02160-z","article-title":"The next generation of evidence-based medicine","volume":"29","author":"Subbiah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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