{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:00:53Z","timestamp":1792101653836,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIN","award":["2020FR7TCL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020FR7TCL"]}]},{"name":"PRIN","award":["Ateneo 2020\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ateneo 2020\/2022"]}]},{"name":"PIAno inCEntivi RIcerca (PIACERI)","award":["2020FR7TCL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020FR7TCL"]}]},{"name":"PIAno inCEntivi RIcerca (PIACERI)","award":["Ateneo 2020\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ateneo 2020\/2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by the neurodegeneration and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to blindness. Current glaucoma interventions reduce intraocular pressure but do not address retinal neurodegeneration. In this effort, to identify new pharmacological targets for glaucoma management, we employed a network pharmacology approach. Methods: We first retrieved transcriptomic data from GEO, an NCBI database, and carried out GEO2R (an interactive web tool aimed at comparing two or more groups of samples in a GEO dataset). The GEO2R statistical analysis aimed at identifying the top differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and used these as input of STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes\/Proteins) app within Cytoscape software, which builds networks of proteins starting from input DEGs. Analyses of centrality metrics using Cytoscape were carried out to identify nodes (genes or proteins) involved in network stability. We also employed the web-server software MIRNET 2.0 to build miRNA\u2013target interaction networks for a re-analysis of the GSE105269 dataset, which reports analyses of microRNA expressions. Results: The pharmacological targets, identified in silico through analyses of the centrality metrics carried out with Cytoscape, were rescored based on correlations with entries in the PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov databases. When there was no match (82 out of 135 identified central nodes, in 8 analyzed networks), targets were considered \u201cpotential innovative\u201d targets for the treatment of glaucoma, after further validation studies. Conclusions: Several druggable targets, such as GPCRs (e.g., 5-hydroxytryptamine 5A (5-HT5A) and adenosine A2B receptors) and enzymes (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase A or monoamine oxidase B), were found to be rescored as \u201cpotential innovative\u201d pharmacological targets for glaucoma treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17101333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T06:23:18Z","timestamp":1728282198000},"page":"1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Identification of New Pharmacological Targets for the Treatment of Glaucoma: A Network Pharmacology Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Erika","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara Bianca Maria","family":"Platania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9825-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Lazzara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Marcantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Drago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4879-4140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Bucolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology-CERFO, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators, and Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study (2021). 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