{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:34:05Z","timestamp":1760146445687,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]],"date-time":"2024-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005916","name":"Universidad de La Frontera","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GI23-0021","DI22\u20130007","PDT22-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GI23-0021","DI22\u20130007","PDT22-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005916","name":"Universidad de La Frontera","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GI23-0021","DI22\u20130007","PDT22-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GI23-0021","DI22\u20130007","PDT22-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005916","name":"Universidad de La Frontera","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GI23-0021","DI22\u20130007","PDT22-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GI23-0021","DI22\u20130007","PDT22-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: \u03b2-carotene is an essential antioxidant, providing protection against type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular illnesses, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. This study investigates the impact of \u03b2-carotene on biochemical parameters and pancreatic insulin expression in mice exposed to ethanol. Methods: Thirty-six C57BL\/6 mice (Mus musculus) were divided into six groups: 1. C (control), 2. LA (3% alcohol dose), 3. MA (7% alcohol dose), 4. B (0.52 mg\/kg body weight\/day \u03b2-carotene), 5. LA+B (3% alcohol dose + 0.52 mg\/kg body weight\/day \u03b2-carotene), and 6. MA+B (7% alcohol dose plus 0.52 mg\/kg body weight\/day \u03b2-carotene). After 28 days, the animals were euthanized for serum and pancreatic tissue collection. Biochemical analysis and pancreatic insulin expression were performed. One-way ANOVA was used. Results: The B, LA+B, and MA+B groups improved insulin levels and decreased HOMA-\u03b2 versus the C group, with the LA+B and MA+B groups also showing lower ADH and ALDH levels than their nonsupplemented counterparts (p &lt; 0.05). The B, LA+B, and MA+B groups showed a greater \u03b2-cell mass area compared to the unsupplemented groups. Additionally, the LA+B and MA+B groups demonstrated significantly increased \u03b2-cell area and integrated optical density compared to the LA and MA groups, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: In mice, \u03b2-cell loss led to increased glucose release due to decreased insulin levels. \u03b2-carotene appeared to mitigate ethanol\u2019s impact on these cells, resulting in reduced insulin degradation when integrated optical density was used. These findings suggest that antioxidant supplementation may be beneficial in treating ethanol-induced type 2 diabetes in animal models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17111478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T03:57:34Z","timestamp":1730692654000},"page":"1478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of Integrated Optical Density in Evaluating Insulin Expression in the Endocrine Pancreas During Chronic Ethanol Exposure and \u03b2-Carotene Supplementation: A Novel Approach Utilizing Artificial Intelligence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3184-6482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Sandoval","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s, Los Carreras 753, Osorno 5310431, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Canobbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Orrego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Venegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Tecnolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Torrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitari de Ci\u00e8ncia Molecular, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46071 Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4106-3548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e9lgica","family":"V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Excelencia en Estudios Morfol\u00f3gicos y Quir\u00fargicos (CEMyQ), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico en Biorecursos (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4559-4653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Zamorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Caama\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7660-9603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Far\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640614554155","article-title":"Survey of digestive health across Europe: Final report. 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