{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T17:40:58Z","timestamp":1790444458713,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies","award":["RGP2\/21\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/21\/45"]}]},{"name":"King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia","award":["RGP2\/21\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/21\/45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a chronic inflammatory disease, mainly affects the joints, with approximately 30% of psoriasis patients eventually developing PsA. Characterized by both innate and adaptive immune responses, PsA poses significant challenges for effective treatment. Recent advances in drug delivery systems have sparked interest in developing novel formulations to improve therapeutic outcomes. The current research focuses on the development and evaluation of a nanosponge-loaded, cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor-based topical gel for the treatment of PsA. Methods: Nanosponges (NSs) were prepared by using beta-cyclodextrin as a polymer and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as a crosslinker by melting, and gels were prepared by employing carbopol and badam gum as polymers. Results: Solubility studies confirmed that the prepared nanosponges were highly soluble. FT-IR studies confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonds between lumiracoxib and beta-cyclodextrin. SEM confirmed that the prepared formulations were roughly spherical and porous in nature. The average particle size was 190.5 \u00b1 0.02 nm, with a zeta potential of \u221218.9 mv. XRD studies showed that the crystallinity of lumiracoxib decreased after encapsulation, which helped to increase its solubility. The optimized nanosponges (NS2) were incorporated in an optimized gel (FG10) to formulate a nanosponge-loaded topical gel. The optimized gel formulation exhibited a homogeneous consistency, with a pH of 6.8 and a viscosity of 1.15 PaS, indicating its suitability for topical application and stability. The in vitro diffusion studies for the topical gel showed drug release of 82.32% in 24 h. The optimized formulation demonstrated significant antipsoriatic activity, as confirmed through cytotoxicity studies conducted on HaCaT cells. Conclusions: On the basis of the findings, it can be concluded that the prepared nanosponge-loaded topical gel formulation presents a promising solution for the effective management of PsA, offering enhanced drug solubility, sustained release, and improved therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17121598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T07:18:42Z","timestamp":1732691922000},"page":"1598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cyclodextrin-Nanosponge-Loaded Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 Inhibitor-Based Topical Gel for Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis: Formulation Design, Development, and In vitro Evaluations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4643-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umme","family":"Hani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1449-2101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharanya","family":"Paramshetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5005-8399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohit","family":"Angolkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wajan Khalid","family":"Alqathanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Doctor of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reema Saeed","family":"Alghaseb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Doctor of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1812-5155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saja Mohammed","family":"Al Asmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Doctor of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4513-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alhanouf A.","family":"Alsaab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacist at Abha International Private Hospital, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5783-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhat","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2333-0817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riyaz Ali M.","family":"Osmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-0560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Gundawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2021.2007","article-title":"Psoriasis Prevalence in Adults in the United States","volume":"157","author":"Armstrong","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2006.07.006","article-title":"Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: Clinical features and disease mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Myers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. 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