{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:04:17Z","timestamp":1791374657022,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]],"date-time":"2024-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Essential oils (EOs) from Citrus species have attracted attention for their diverse properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, which address critical health challenges such as chronic diseases and skin disorders. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, which is a widely cultivated citrus fruit, is attracting increasing attention in the field of medicinal research due to its richness of limonene (comprising approximately 85\u201390% of the oil). This study investigates the chemical profile of CS-EO and biological activities of CS-EO and limonene. Methods and Results: This study used gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC-MS), confirming limonene as the predominant compound (70.15%) along with other minor constituents, including thujene (10.52%), myrcene (5.54%) and \u03b1-pinene (2.81%). The biological activities of CS-EO and limonene were examined, specifically focusing on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and dermatoprotective effects. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP and beta-carotene assays, with CS-EO and limonene exhibiting comparable efficacy. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed via inhibition assays of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) production, showing significant reductions in LPS-stimulated macrophages treated by CS-EO or limonene. Cytotoxicity testing on various cell lines indicated selective activity of the tested compounds, with low toxicity observed on human skin fibroblasts. Limonene and CS-EO were highly effective on HepG2 cellules, with IC50 values of 0.55 \u00b1 0.01 \u00b5g\/mL and 15.97 \u00b1 1.20 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Dermatoprotective effects were further confirmed using enzymes, where CS-EO and limonene showed remarkable inhibitory potential against elastase (IC50 of 65.72 \u00b1 1.92 and 86.07 \u00b1 1.53 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively) and tyrosinase (IC50 of 102 \u00b1 2.16 and 78.34 \u00b1 1.15 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively) enzymes compared to quercetin used as a standard (IC50 of 111.03 \u00b1 0.1 and 124.22 \u00b1 0.07 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest the potential for the development of new therapeutic approaches based on CS-EO, which could be applicable in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical fields and have protective benefits for skin health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17121652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T06:16:14Z","timestamp":1733724974000},"page":"1652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound Limonene"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0768-5914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoufal","family":"El Hachlafi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0314-8484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amine","family":"Elbouzidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Am\u00e9lioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Morocco des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amine","family":"Batbat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d\u2019Imouzzer, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5682-3538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Taibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Am\u00e9lioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Morocco des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco"},{"name":"Centre de l\u2019Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l\u2019Eau et de l\u2019Environnement (COSTEE), Universit\u00e9 Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7165-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Jeddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3973-6694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Addi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Am\u00e9lioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Facult\u00e9 des Sciences, Morocco des Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8145-2572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanae","family":"Naceiri Mrabti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques Casablanca, Casablanca 20250, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2923-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kawtar","family":"Fikri-Benbrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hachlafi, N., Kandsi, F., Elbouzidi, A., Lafdil, F.Z., Nouioura, G., Abdallah, E.M., Abdnim, R., Bnouham, M., Al-Mijalli, S.H., and Naceiri Mrabti, H. 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