{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:39:48Z","timestamp":1785803988304,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2024R37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2024R37"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Despite the availability of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that can manage seizures, they often come with cognitive side effects. Furthermore, the role of oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory responses in epilepsy and the limitations of current AEDs necessitate exploring alternative therapeutic options. Medicinal plants, e.g., Lavandula dentata L., are rich in phenolic compounds and may provide neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory benefits. However, limited research evaluates their effectiveness in modulating neuroinflammation and histopathological changes in epilepsy models. Therefore, the current study hypothesized that treating Lavandula dentata L. extract or essential oils may reduce neuroinflammatory responses and mitigate histopathological changes in the brain, providing a natural alternative or adjunct therapy for epilepsy management. Methods: Five groups of male Wistar rats were used: control, pilocarpine-treated epileptic, valproic acid (VPA-treated epileptic), L. dentata extract, and essential oils. Numerous electrolyte levels, monoamine levels, neurotransmitter levels, and the mRNA expression of specific gate channel subtypes were evaluated in homogenate brain tissue. Additionally, histological changes in various brain regions were investigated. Results: The investigation revealed that the extract and essential oils obtained from L. dentata L. exhibited the ability to improve the modulation of electrolytes and ions across voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels. Furthermore, it was revealed that they could decrease neuronal excitability by facilitating repolarization. Moreover, L. dentata\u2019s oil and ethanol extract re-balances T-reg\/Th-17 cytokines, restoring the pro\/anti-inflammatory cytokines and Treg markers, e.g., FOXP3 and CTLA-4, to their normal level. Conclusions: The present work confirms that the extract and essential oils of L. dentata L. have different activities to ameliorate the progression of histopathological alterations. Therefore, when used in conjunction with other AEDs, the extract and essential oils of L. dentata can slow the progression of epileptogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18010035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T13:26:25Z","timestamp":1735651585000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Therapeutic Efficacy of Lavandula dentata\u2019s Oil and Ethanol Extract in Regulation of the Neuroinflammation, Histopathological Alterations, Oxidative Stress, and Restoring Balance Treg Cells Expressing FoxP3+ in a Rat Model of Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Aziza","family":"Antar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7101-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman S.","family":"Abdel-Rehiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9278-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areej A.","family":"Al-Khalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8244-9124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelaziz S. A.","family":"Abuelsaad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6573-2411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdel-Gabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7037-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaber M. G.","family":"Shehab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9476-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman M.","family":"Abdel-Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1481-5","article-title":"Infections, inflammation and epilepsy","volume":"131","author":"Vezzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcab021","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab021","article-title":"Proteomic differences in the hippocampus and cortex of epilepsy brain tissue","volume":"3","author":"Pires","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a022426","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022426","article-title":"Seizures and epilepsy: An overview for neuroscientists","volume":"5","author":"Stafstrom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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