{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:48:36Z","timestamp":1779893316401,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp., the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A2C1004852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1004852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp., the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1F1A1075034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1075034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp., the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2020-KH088567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2020-KH088567"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Corp., the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCRI24084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCRI24084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A2C1004852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1004852"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1F1A1075034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1075034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2020-KH088567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2020-KH088567"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute funded by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCRI24084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCRI24084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute","award":["2022R1A2C1004852"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1004852"]}]},{"name":"Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute","award":["2022R1F1A1075034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1075034"]}]},{"name":"Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute","award":["RS-2020-KH088567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2020-KH088567"]}]},{"name":"Chonnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute","award":["BCRI24084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCRI24084"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of combined 5% lifitegrast (LF) and tocopherol (TCP) eye drops in a murine experimental dry eye (EDE) model. Methods: Female C57BL\/6 were divided into seven groups: untreated controls, EDE control, EDE + 0.05% cyclosporin A (CsA), EDE + tocopherol (TCP), EDE + 5% LF, EDE + 5% LF + TCP (once daily), and EDE + 5% LF + TCP (twice daily). Clinical parameters (tear volume, tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining score (CFSS), tear film lipid layer grade (TFLLG)) were assessed on days 7 and 14. Goblet cell density in the conjunctiva, CD4+ IFN-\u03b3+ T cells, interleukin levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and corneal apoptotic cells were analyzed on day 14. Results: Monotherapy with 0.05% CsA and LF showed improvements in all clinical parameters compared to the EDE control (p &lt; 0.05). Combination therapy groups demonstrated superior improvements in clinical parameters compared to the EDE control, 0.05% CsA, and 5% LF groups. CD4+ IFN-\u03b3+ T cell percentages and ROS levels in the cornea and conjunctiva were markedly reduced in the combination groups compared with the 0.05% CsA and 5% LF groups (p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, corneal apoptotic cells significantly decreased in the combination groups compared to the 0.05% CsA and TCP groups (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Combined 5% LF and TCP eye drops improved tear film parameters and reduced inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. The combination therapy can mitigate ocular surface damage by managing inflammation and oxidative stress in dry eye.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T11:24:19Z","timestamp":1735730659000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Combined 5% Lifitegrast and Tocopherol Eye Drops in Managing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Murine Dry Eye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jayoung","family":"Moon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5413-5150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enying","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Su","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6190-6111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hoon-In","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Suk","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5533-4062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon-Jeong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2788-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Chul","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12888","article-title":"The global prevalence of dry eye disease: A Bayesian view","volume":"41","author":"Papas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.008","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70148-9","article-title":"Inflammation in dry eye","volume":"2","author":"Stern","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byun, Y.S., Lee, H.J., Shin, S., and Chung, S.H. (2017). Elevation of autophagy markers in Sjogren syndrome dry eye. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17128-0"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3425","article-title":"Expression of CXCL9, -10, -11, and CXCR3 in the tear film and ocular surface of patients with dry eye syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Yoon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0002","article-title":"Expression of Th-1 chemokines and chemokine receptors on the ocular surface of C57BL\/6 mice: Effects of desiccating stress","volume":"48","author":"Yoon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.5","article-title":"IL-17 disrupts corneal barrier following desiccating stress","volume":"2","author":"Chotikavanich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Des163","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23402","article-title":"Potential Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Surface Inflammation and Dry Eye Disease","volume":"59","author":"Dogru","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J.X., Tsai, Y.Y., Lai, C.T., Li, Y.L., Wu, Y.H., and Chiang, C.C. (2022). Lifitegrast Ophthalmic Solution 5% Is a Safe and Efficient Eyedrop for Dry Eye Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175014"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.006","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Management and Therapy Report","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194848","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/194848","article-title":"An overview on dry eye treatment: Approaches for cyclosporin a delivery","volume":"2012","author":"Yavuz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.12.006","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Topical 0.05% Cyclosporine Eye Drops in the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.09.025","article-title":"Lifitegrast for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: Results of a Phase III, Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial (OPUS-3)","volume":"124","author":"Holland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.08.003","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Report Executive Summary","volume":"15","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.08.001","article-title":"Lifitegrast Ophthalmic Solution 5.0% versus Placebo for Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: Results of the Randomized Phase III OPUS-2 Study","volume":"122","author":"Tauber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S233194","article-title":"Treatment Satisfaction Among Patients Using Anti-Inflammatory Topical Medications for Dry Eye Disease","volume":"14","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S237832","article-title":"Physician Satisfaction with Anti-Inflammatory Topical Medications for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease","volume":"14","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bu, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, R., Lin, S., Zhuang, J., Sun, L., Zhang, L., He, H., Zong, R., and Wu, Y. (2024). Potential New Target for Dry Eye Disease-Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040422"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5580","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR00376B","article-title":"Synergistically dual-functional nano eye-drops for simultaneous anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative treatment of dry eye disease","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1976","article-title":"Regulatory role of vitamin E in the immune system and inflammation","volume":"71","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1474169","article-title":"Vitamin E and its anticancer effects","volume":"59","author":"Abraham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napolitano, G., Fasciolo, G., Di Meo, S., and Venditti, P. (2019). Vitamin E Supplementation and Mitochondria in Experimental and Functional Hyperthyroidism: A Mini-Review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122900"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0877com","article-title":"Gamma-tocopherol, but not alpha-tocopherol, decreases proinflammatory eicosanoids and inflammation damage in rats","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2012.08.005","article-title":"\u03b1-Tocopherol (vitamin E) stimulates cyclic AMP production in human peripheral mononuclear cells and alters immune function","volume":"53","author":"Salinthone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S191635","article-title":"Six months\u2019 treatment with lifitegrast in patients with moderate-to-severe symptomatic dry eye: A retrospective chart review","volume":"13","author":"Atallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S196593","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in dry eye symptoms and signs following lifitegrast therapy and relationship to tear osmolarity","volume":"13","author":"Pepose","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S110557","article-title":"Development of lifitegrast: A novel T-cell inhibitor for the treatment of dry eye disease","volume":"10","author":"Semba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20634","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidative Effects of Camellia japonica on Human Corneal Epithelial Cells and Experimental Dry Eye: In Vivo and In Vitro Study","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4523673","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4523673","article-title":"Experimental and Clinical Applications of Chamaecyparis obtusa Extracts in Dry Eye Disease","volume":"2017","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.8830","article-title":"Effects of Eurya japonica extracts on human corneal epithelial cells and experimental dry eye","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1080\/15569527.2021.1973022","article-title":"Effects of eye drops containing a mixture of 3% diquafosol sodium and tocopherol acetate (vitamin E) on the ocular surface of murine dry eye","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.01.016","article-title":"Tocopheryl acetate nanoemulsions stabilized with lipid-polymer hybrid emulsifiers for effective skin delivery","volume":"94","author":"Nam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810290169819","article-title":"Final report on the safety assessment of Tocopherol, Tocopheryl Acetate, Tocopheryl Linoleate, Tocopheryl Linoleate\/Oleate, Tocopheryl Nicotinate, Tocopheryl Succinate, Dioleyl Tocopheryl Methylsilanol, Potassium Ascorbyl Tocopheryl Phosphate, and Tocophersolan","volume":"21","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2009.10.005","article-title":"Effect of castor oil emulsion eyedrops on tear film composition and stability","volume":"33","author":"Guillon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cont. Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007146313657","article-title":"Selective inhibition of the non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation of phosphatidylserine in rod outer segments by alpha-tocopherol","volume":"211","author":"Terrasa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2015.1082582","article-title":"A novel eye drop of alpha tocopherol to prevent ocular oxidant damage: Improve the stability and ocular efficacy","volume":"42","author":"Xin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.10.055","article-title":"Poloxamine micellar solubilization of \u03b1-tocopherol for topical ocular treatment","volume":"103","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erl002","article-title":"Tocopherol is the scavenger of singlet oxygen produced by the triplet states of chlorophyll in the PSII reaction centre","volume":"57","author":"Trebst","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, K., and Roychoudhury, A. (2014). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Front. Environ. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2014.00053"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2008.09.002","article-title":"Polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants and their applications in topical ocular drug delivery","volume":"60","author":"Jiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23743","article-title":"Alterations of Murine Subbasal Corneal Nerves After Environmental Dry Eye Stress","volume":"59","author":"Simsek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7267","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7231","article-title":"Tear production and ocular surface changes in experimental dry eye after elimination of desiccating stress","volume":"52","author":"Yoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icl.0000224360.10319.b1","article-title":"Effect of topical ophthalmic epinastine and olopatadine on tear volume in mice","volume":"32","author":"Villareal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5473","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0728","article-title":"New tools for the evaluation of toxic ocular surface changes in the rat","volume":"48","author":"Pauly","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2294732","article-title":"A methodology for improving tear film lipid layer classification","volume":"18","author":"Remeseiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70378-2","article-title":"Correlation of tear lipid layer interference patterns with the diagnosis and severity of dry eye","volume":"122","author":"Yokoi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2013.0050","article-title":"Effect of hypotonic 0.18% sodium hyaluronate eyedrops on inflammation of the ocular surface in experimental dry eye","volume":"30","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2017.1297462","article-title":"Comparison of 0.3% Hypotonic and Isotonic Sodium Hyaluronate Eye Drops in the Treatment of Experimental Dry Eye","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/1\/38\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:23:00Z","timestamp":1759850580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/1\/38"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18010038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18010038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}}}