{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:13:38Z","timestamp":1791976418300,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hazardous heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd), are widely distributed in the environment and cause oxidative stress in various animal and human organs. Clove oil (CLO), a common aromatic spice, has been used as a traditional medication as it has potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties. Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects of clove oil (CLO) against hepatorenal toxicity induced by cadmium (Cd). Methods: Twenty rats were equally divided into four groups: a control group, a Cd group treated with 15 mg\/kg b.wt CdCl2, a CLO group administered 200 mg\/kg b.wt CLO, and a Cd+CLO group. All groups were orally treated for 4 weeks. Results: Cadmium (Cd) exposure caused anemia and hepatorenal damage, as evidenced by increased serum levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, total bilirubin (including its direct and indirect fractions), and elevated activities of liver enzymes such as alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). However, total protein and albumin levels decreased. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the levels of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and catalase in the liver antioxidant profiles. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde levels increased. Cadmium toxicity caused elevated expression of liver apoptosis markers, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and caspase-3, and inflammation. CLO ameliorated the oxidative effects of Cd through decreasing urea (27.4%), creatinine (41.6%), liver enzymes, and hepatic apoptotic markers while increasing levels of total protein, albumin, and hepatic values of SOD (60.37%), CAT (64.49%), GSH (50.41%), and GST (9.16%). Conclusions: Hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as the antioxidant system, improved following clove oil treatment, leading to a reduction in hepatorenal damage. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that CLO protects rats from inflammation, apoptosis, and hepatorenal oxidative damage caused by Cd poisoning. Comprehensive translational research is required to validate CLO\u2019s efficacy and safety of use in humans. Future studies should focus on elucidating the precise molecular mechanisms, optimal dosing strategies, and potential synergistic effects of CLO with other therapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18010094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T07:35:47Z","timestamp":1736840147000},"page":"94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Clove Oil in Mitigating Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity Through Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiapoptotic Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Inas M.","family":"Elgharib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0256-6828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma M.","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2924-9670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gehad E.","family":"Elshopakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0204-2696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatem","family":"Sembawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talat A.","family":"Albukhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waheed A.","family":"Filimban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5873-4152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehab M.","family":"Bagadood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"El-Boshy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1653-1423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Engy F.","family":"Risha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.4067\/s0717-95022024000300819","article-title":"The Effect of L-Carnitine on Cadmium Toxicity in Liver and Kidney Tissue in Prepubertal Female Rats","volume":"42","author":"Kocamaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Sun, Y., Yao, W., Ba, Q., and Wang, H. (2021). Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.695484"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13360","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13360","article-title":"High dose of standardised extract of Costus afer leaves potentiates cadmium reproductive toxicity in Wistar rats","volume":"51","author":"Atere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"11","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of allium sativum and justicia carnea extracts co-administration on acute cadmium chloride-induced changes on liver function parameters of albino rats","volume":"4","author":"Enebrayi","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Pharm. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of cadmium exposure in the induction of inflammation","volume":"42","author":"Azizi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branca, J.J.V., Pacini, A., Gulisano, M., Taddei, N., Fiorillo, C., and Becatti, M. (2020). Cadmium-Induced Cytotoxicity: Effects on Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.604377"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andjelkovic, M., Buha Djordjevic, A., Antonijevic, E., Antonijevic, B., Stanic, M., Kotur-Stevuljevic, J., Spasojevic-Kalimanovska, V., Jovanovic, M., Boricic, N., and Wallace, D. (2019). Toxic Effect of Acute Cadmium and Lead Exposure in Rat Blood, Liver, and Kidney. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020274"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112026","article-title":"Immunotoxicology of cadmium: Cells of the immune system as targets and effectors of cadmium toxicity","volume":"149","author":"Mirkov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126704","article-title":"Cadmium exposure triggers oxidative stress, necroptosis, Th1\/Th2 imbalance and promotes inflammation through the TNF-\u03b1\/NF-\u03baB pathway in swine small intestine","volume":"421","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2016.11.001","article-title":"Ameliorating effects of green tea extract on cadmium induced reproductive injury in male Wistar rats with respect to androgen receptors and caspase-3","volume":"16","author":"Abdelrazek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-021-00985-3","article-title":"Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and its phytochemicals in ruminant feed: An updated review","volume":"32","author":"Saeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rend. Lincei Sci. Fis. Nat."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.32598\/IJT.16.1.854.1","article-title":"The Nephroprotective Effect of Clove Oil (Oleum Caryophylli) Against Levofloxacin Toxicity in Rats","volume":"16","author":"Fiqardina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2019.107912","article-title":"Performance of mechanically deboned chicken meat protein coatings containing thyme or clove essential oil for storage quality improvement of beef sucuks","volume":"158","author":"Saricaoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"81","article-title":"In Vitro evaluation of Syzygium aromaticum L. ethanol extract as biocontrol agent against postharvest tomato and potato diseases","volume":"59","author":"Soliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-015-2108-5","article-title":"Phytochemical composition, GC-MS analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial potential of clove flower bud (Eugenia caryophyllus) methanolic extract","volume":"53","author":"Hemalatha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2011.12.013","article-title":"Investigation into the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of alcoholic extracts from defatted marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) residue","volume":"83","author":"Gong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.137364","article-title":"Fast analysis of principal volatile compounds in crude and processed Atractylodes macrocephala by an automated static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Mag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakour, M., Soulo, N., Hammas, N., Fatemi, H.E., Aboulghazi, A., Taroq, A., Abdellaoui, A., Al-Waili, N., and Lyoussi, B. (2018). The Antioxidant Content and Protective Effect of Argan Oil and Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil in Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Biochemical and Histological Changes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020610"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6663255","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6663255","article-title":"GC-MS Characterization of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antitrypanosomal Activity of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil and Eugenol","volume":"2021","author":"Teles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"153","article-title":"Syzygium aromaticum L.: Phytochemical investigation and comparison of the scavenging activity of essential oil, extracts and eugenol","volume":"20","author":"Zarayby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Tradit. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6439","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S211047","article-title":"Anticancer and antibacterial effects of a clove bud essential oil-based nanoscale emulsion system","volume":"14","author":"Nirmala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehabeldine, A.M., Doghish, A.S., El-Dakroury, W.A., Hassanin, M.M.H., Al-Askar, A.A., AbdElgawad, H., and Hashem, A.H. (2023). Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anticancer Activities of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil Nanoemulsion. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28155812"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e13606","article-title":"The beneficial effect of clove essential oil and its major component, eugenol, on erectile function in diabetic rats","volume":"52","author":"Onder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2010.09.016","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of clove oil\u2014A powerful antioxidant source","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02128-5","article-title":"Possible Mechanisms of Liver Injury Induced by Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles in Rat","volume":"199","author":"Rana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128346","article-title":"Cadmium induced BEAS-2B cells apoptosis and mitochondria damage via MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"263","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordberg, M., and Nordberg, G.F. (2022). Metallothionein and Cadmium Toxicology-Historical Review and Commentary. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12030360"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.21.435","article-title":"Association Between Cadmium Exposure and Liver Function in Adults in the United States: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"54","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.11.026","article-title":"Differential effects of cadmium administration on peripheral blood granulocytes in rats","volume":"37","author":"Djokic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"09603271231192361","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271231192361","article-title":"Iron; Benefits or threatens (with emphasis on mechanism and treatment of its poisoning)","volume":"42","author":"Kazemi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144646","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity: A role in bone cell function and teeth development","volume":"769","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"348","article-title":"Red cell distribution width as a marker of activity in inflammatory bowel disease: A narrative review","volume":"33","author":"Katsaros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suresh, S., Rajvanshi, P.K., and Noguchi, C.T. (2020). The Many Facets of Erythropoietin Physiologic and Metabolic Response. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01534"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Baqami, N., and Hamza, R. (2021). Protective Effect of Resveratrol against Hepatotoxicity of Cadmium in Male Rats: Antioxidant and Histopathological Approaches. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11050594"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5458","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.5458","article-title":"Hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective synergistic effects of selenium nanoparticles and vitamin. E against acrylamide-Induced hepatic alterations in male albino mice","volume":"34","author":"Hamza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2012.748857","article-title":"Protective role of pectin against cadmium-induced testicular toxicity and oxidative stress in rats","volume":"23","author":"Koriem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4236\/ojim.2020.103028","article-title":"Effect of Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on Liver Function Tests in Hepatitis C Patients","volume":"10","author":"Nayila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamza, R.Z., Al-Malki, N.A., Alharthi, S., Alharthy, S.A., Albogami, B., and El-Megharbel, S.M. (2022). Chemical Characterization of Taif Rose (Rosa damascena) Methanolic Extract and Its Physiological Effect on Liver Functions, Blood Indices, Antioxidant Capacity, and Heart Vitality against Cadmium Chloride Toxicity. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071229"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"37","article-title":"Protective effects of oestradiol against cadmium-induced changes in blood parameters and oxidative damage in rats","volume":"65","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Ind. Hyg. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"349","article-title":"Effects of cadmium ion on the structure and function of rat hepatocyte","volume":"13","author":"Ude","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13917","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16711-3","article-title":"Kaempferol prevents cadmium chloride-induced liver damage by upregulating Nrf2 and suppressing NF-\u03baB and keap1","volume":"29","author":"Alshehri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.05.012","article-title":"Toxicodynamics of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury and Arsenic-induced kidney toxicity and treatment strategy: A mini review","volume":"5","author":"Rana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.08.008","article-title":"Biological activities of ginger against cadmium-induced renal toxicity","volume":"26","author":"Gabr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16011484","article-title":"Cadmium transporters in the kidney and cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2009.02.017","article-title":"Discovery of ZIP transporters that participate in cadmium damage to testis and kidney","volume":"238","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-010-9296-2","article-title":"The oxidative stress: Endoplasmic reticulum stress axis in cadmium toxicity","volume":"23","author":"Kitamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"BioMetals"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1515\/tjb-2020-0161","article-title":"Hesperidin and eugenol attenuate cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity via regulation of oxidative stress, Bax\/Bcl2 and cleaved caspase 3 expression","volume":"45","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effects of clove syrup therapy on creatinine, urea, and kidney histology of diabetes mellitus rat","volume":"1","author":"Sembiring","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol. Conserv. Wallacea"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Wang, K., Ding, L., Zhao, P., Zhang, C., Wang, H., Yang, Z., and Liu, Z. (2022). Alleviating effect of quercetin on cadmium-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis by activating the Nrf2-keap1 pathway in BRL-3A cells. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.969892"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.09.014","article-title":"Hesperidin ameliorates hepatic dysfunction and dyslipidemia in male Wistar rats exposed to cadmium chloride","volume":"7","author":"Aja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119610","article-title":"Modulatory effects of carvacrol against cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity by molecular targeting regulation","volume":"277","author":"Kandemir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdeen, A., Abdelkader, A., Elgazzar, D., Aboubakr, M., Abdulah, O.A., Shoghy, K., Abdel-Daim, M., El-Serehy, H.A., Najda, A., and El-Mleeh, A. (2020). Coenzyme Q10 supplementation mitigates piroxicam-induced oxidative injury and apoptotic pathways in the stomach, liver, and kidney. Biomed. Pharmacother., 130.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110627"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askari, E., Fallah, A.A., Habibian Dehkordi, S., Bahadoran, S., Mohebbi, A., and Mohamadi, S. (2022). Effect of Dietary Clove (Syzygium Aromaticum) Essential Oil on Growth Performance, Oxidative Indices, Lipid Profile, and Cadmium Accumulation in Cd-exposed Quails. J. Environ. Health Sustain. Dev., 7.","DOI":"10.18502\/jehsd.v7i3.10726"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.24275\/uam\/izt\/dcbs\/hidro\/2020v29n3\/Rumahlatu","article-title":"Effect of cadmium on the concentration and expression of TNF-\u03b1 protein in sea urchin Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778)","volume":"29","author":"Rumahlatu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hidrobiol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18401-6","article-title":"Etanercept Mitigates Cadmium Chloride-induced Testicular Damage in Rats \u201cAn Insight into Autophagy, Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation\u201d","volume":"29","author":"Antar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haro-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.N., Castillo-Herrera, G.A., Mart\u00ednez-Vel\u00e1zquez, M., and Espinosa-Andrews, H. (2021). Clove Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): Extraction, Chemical Composition, Food Applications, and Essential Bioactivity for Human Health. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0386.v1"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.10.010","article-title":"Anti-apoptosis and cell survival: A review","volume":"1813","author":"Portt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1774","article-title":"Apoptosis: Why and how does it occur in biology?","volume":"29","author":"Ulukaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2010.07.001","article-title":"Systems biology of apoptosis signaling networks","volume":"21","author":"Lavrik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21468","article-title":"Cadmium Induces Thymocyte Apoptosis via Caspase\u2014Dependent and Caspase\u2014Independent Pathways","volume":"27","author":"Pathak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5218","article-title":"Investigation of cadmium-induced apoptosis and the protective effect of N-acetylcysteine in BRL 3A cells","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abadi, A.V.M., Karimi, E., Oskoueian, E., Mohammad, G.R.K.S., and Shafaei, N. (2022). Chemical investigation and screening of anti-cancer potential of Syzygium aromaticum L. bud (clove) essential oil nanoemulsion. 3 Biotech, 12.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-022-03117-2"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kona, P., Ajay, B.C., Gangadhara, K., Kumar, N., Choudhary, R.R., Mahatma, M.K., Singh, S., Reddy, K.K., Bera, S.K., and Sangh, C. (2024). AMMI and GGE biplot analysis of genotype by environment interaction for yield and yield contributing traits in confectionery groundnut. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52938-z"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16787","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-03862-1","article-title":"Antibacterial and antineoplastic MCF-7 and HePG-2 characteristics of the methanolic (80%) clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) extract","volume":"14","author":"Mekky","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefinery"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020782a","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Apple Peels","volume":"51","author":"Wolfe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(98)00102-2","article-title":"The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals","volume":"64","author":"Zhishen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007078414639","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of a North American ginseng extract","volume":"203","author":"Kitts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"030082","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4991186","article-title":"GC-MS analysis of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud essential oil from Java and Manado","volume":"1862","author":"Amelia","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"403","article-title":"Effect of chronic cadmium exposure on antioxidant defense system in some tissues of rats: Protective effect of selenium","volume":"57","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2018.117","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Clove Oil in Acrylamide Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats","volume":"39","author":"Aboubakr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200209150-00007","article-title":"Targeting of glycosaminoglycan-cytokine interactions as a novel therapeutic approach in allotransplantation1","volume":"74","author":"Gorantla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman, B. (2004). Practical Transfusion Medicine for the Small Animal Practitioner, Teton NewMedia.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16182"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Kaneko, J. (2008). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(78)90081-5","article-title":"Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method","volume":"90","author":"Kei","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x","article-title":"Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase","volume":"47","author":"Marklund","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/26.2.227","article-title":"Use of 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid\/4-aminophenazone chromogenic system in direct enzymic assay of uric acid in serum and urine","volume":"26","author":"Fossati","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathione S-Transferases","volume":"249","author":"Habig","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"258","article-title":"Assay of Glutathione reductase","volume":"3","author":"Goldbeg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Methods Enzym. Anal."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.12-129","article-title":"Determination of Ash in Animal Feed: AOAC Official Method 942.05 Revisited","volume":"95","author":"Thiex","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Bancroft, J.D., and Gamble, M. (2008). Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elshopakey, G.E., and Elazab, S.T. (2021). Cinnamon Aqueous Extract Attenuates Diclofenac Sodium and Oxytetracycline Mediated Hepato-Renal Toxicity and Modulates Oxidative Stress, Cell Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Male Albino Rats. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8010009"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/1\/94\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:28:25Z","timestamp":1759919305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/1\/94"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18010094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18010094","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]]}}}