{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:39:21Z","timestamp":1759970361987,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Influenza is a major global health challenge, causing thousands of deaths annually. Antiviral drugs, particularly oseltamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor, have become essential therapeutic options due to their oral bioavailability and efficacy. Previous studies suggest a potential association between oseltamivir use and the onset of diabetes mellitus. However, further investigation is needed to establish a definitive link. Methods: This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), including 1,631,968 patients (815,984 oseltamivir users) between 1 January 2009 and 28 December 2018. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS 9.4M8 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results: Cox proportional hazards regression and multivariate analyses revealed a statistically significant association between oseltamivir use and overall diabetes risk (HR = 1.027, p = 0.0186). While no significant association was observed for Type 1 diabetes (HR = 1.021; p = 0.06795), oseltamivir users showed a higher incidence of Type 2 diabetes (HR = 1.024; p &lt; 0.05). Oseltamivir was also linked to increased risks of comorbidities, including dyslipidemia (HR = 1.295, p &lt; 0.0001), chronic liver disease (HR = 1.446, p &lt; 0.0001), hypertension (HR = 1.586, p &lt; 0.0001), and obesity (HR = 2.949, p &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: Oseltamivir is associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes but not Type 1, and related comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18010128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T04:04:12Z","timestamp":1737345852000},"page":"128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Oseltamivir and Diabetes Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0140-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bor-Show","family":"Tzang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Chen","family":"Tzang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Hua","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9003-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I-Ying","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Hsun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 100, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0400-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsai-Ching","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Mostafa, K. 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