{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:23:21Z","timestamp":1782761001354,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma is a malignant hematological tumor characterized by the proliferation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow causing organ damage. Despite improved survival rates due to the increasing availability of therapeutic options in recent decades, it remains an incurable disease, with most patients ultimately relapsing. Consequently, relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma disease (RRMM) has become a treatment priority. Immunotherapy is the backbone of treatment in RRMM, starting with monoclonal antibodies such as elotuzumab, daratumumab, and isatuximab. The aim of this review is summarizing the results of RRMM trials with monoclonal antibodies and of the principal ongoing trials containing them. Additionally, we put a brief focus on novel drugs (such as bispecific antibodies) to provide a better overview. The advent of monoclonal antibodies has been nothing short of a game-changer for multi-refractory patients. It has opened up a whole new world of possibilities, offering myeloma patients a brighter and more hopeful future, even in the face of relapse.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T11:09:02Z","timestamp":1737544142000},"page":"145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Monoclonal Antibodies in Relapsed-Refractory Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Sorgiovanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Division, University of Pisa, via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4291-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Livia","family":"Del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Division, University of Pisa, via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Galimberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Division, University of Pisa, via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Buda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology Division, University of Pisa, via Roma, 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.0003","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Multiple Myeloma: A Review","volume":"327","author":"Cowan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.356","article-title":"Management of relapsed multiple myeloma: Recommendations of the International Myeloma Working Group","volume":"30","author":"Laubach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-10-299487","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for the uniform reporting of clinical trials: Report of the International Myeloma Workshop Consensus Panel 1","volume":"117","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-014-1610-3","article-title":"Elotuzumab enhances natural killer cell activation and myeloma cell killing through interleukin-2 and TNF-\u03b1 pathways","volume":"64","author":"Balasa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. 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