{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T18:37:07Z","timestamp":1780943827224,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Our research team analyzed the microRNA (miRNA)-197-3p involved in cardioprotection, and we demonstrated that the overexpression of miRNA-197-3p could be linked to a higher risk of cardiac damage. Recent research indicated that miRNA-197-3p inhibits the effector proteins of the anaesthetic preconditioning mechanism of halogenated drugs. In this scenario, we proposed to determine the role of miRNA-197-3p in cardiac injury and its effects on myocardial conditioning under halogenated exposure. Hypothesis: Patients having myocardial revascularization surgery have increased heart damage due to postoperative miRNA-197-3p upregulation. Methods: Human cardiac myocytes (HCMs) were used in an in vitro hypoxia\/reperfusion (H\/R) model. The miRNA-197-3p-MIMIC was transfected into the HCMs. Three H\/R-induced HCM groups were performed: negative MIMIC-control transfected, MIMIC transfected, and non-transfected. Each H\/R cell group was exposed to Propofol (P), Sevoflurane (S), or non-exposed. Healthy cell cultures were the control group. ELISA assays were used to assess the Akt1 and p53 cell secretion capacity, and the Next Generation Sequencing assay was used to measure the differential expression of miRNA targets. Results: The secretion capacity of H\/R-induced HCMs transfected with the MIMIC was higher under sevoflurane exposure regarding Akt-1 cytokine (I\/R + S: 0.80 \u00b1 0.06 ng\/mL; I\/R + P: 0.45 \u00b1 0.28 ng\/mL; p &gt; 0.05), and lower regarding p53 cytokine (I\/R + S: 38.62 \u00b1 6.93 ng\/mL; I\/R + P: 43.34 \u00b1 15.20 ng\/mL; p &gt; 0.05) compared to propofol. In addition, a significant gene overexpression of five miRNAs, in the sevoflurane group, was linked to cardioprotection: miRNA-29-3p, 24-3p, 21-3p, 532, and miRNA-335-5p. Conclusions: miRNA-197-3p inhibits the cardioprotection induced by halogenated exposure and can be considered a biomarker of cardiac damage. Additional research is required to validate our findings in other clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T04:54:31Z","timestamp":1737608071000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["MicroRNA-197-3p Transfection: Variations in Cardiomyocyte Gene Expression with Anaesthetics Drugs in a Model of Hypoxia\/Reperfusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Guerrero-Orriach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9296-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Dolores","family":"Carmona-Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jose","family":"Rodriguez-Capitan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3812-2268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Quesada-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192666","article-title":"Executive summary: Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142010 update: A report from the American Heart Association","volume":"121","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu213","article-title":"Coronary artery bypass grafting vs. percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with three-vessel disease: Final five-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial","volume":"35","author":"Head","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. 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