{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T14:46:56Z","timestamp":1778856416971,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]],"date-time":"2025-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Minimal residual disease (MRD) evaluation is a recognized endpoint in clinical trials. Both next-generation flow and sequencing could be used as complementary techniques to detect myeloma cells after therapy to measure the depth of response and novel drug efficacy. Anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies combined with proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs have increased the quality of response in myeloma patients, and MRD evaluation is also entering routine clinical practice in many hematological centers. This review analyzes updated results from recent clinical trials utilizing anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies such as isatuximab and daratumumab in terms of their responses and MRD data. MRD-driven therapy appears promising for the future of MM patients, and emerging minimally invasive techniques to assess MRD are under investigation as novel potential methods to replace or integrate traditional MRD evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T04:59:10Z","timestamp":1737953950000},"page":"159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Minimal Residual Disease Significance in Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated with Anti-CD38 Monoclonal Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7071-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Caroni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AOUS Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Sammartano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AOUS Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5838-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Pacelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AOUS Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5840-2956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sicuranza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AOUS Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Malchiodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AOUS Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Dragomir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AOUS Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ciofini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AOUS Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2597-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatella","family":"Raspadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AOUS Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3538-3913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Bocchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AOUS Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0769-6891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Gozzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AOUS Policlinico Le Scotte, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2007.08.005","article-title":"Role of Genetics in Prognostication in Myeloma","volume":"20","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best. Prac. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0037-1963(00)90013-1","article-title":"Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization: Uses and Limitations","volume":"37","author":"Gozzetti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e328","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30206-6","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group Consensus Criteria for Response and Minimal Residual Disease Assessment in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-018-0077-4","article-title":"The Evaluation of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance: A Consensus Report of the International Kidney and Monoclonal Gammopathy Research Group","volume":"15","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26566","article-title":"Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance (MGRS): Real-World Data on Outcomes and Prognostic Factors","volume":"97","author":"Gozzetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cencini, E., Fabbri, A., Sicuranza, A., Gozzetti, A., and Bocchia, M. (2021). The Role of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Hematologic Malignancies. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143597"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.350","article-title":"New Drugs and Novel Mechanisms of Action in Multiple Myeloma in 2013: A Report from the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG)","volume":"28","author":"Ocio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-02-408898","article-title":"Bortezomib-Thalidomide-Dexamethasone Is Superior to Thalidomide-Dexamethasone as Consolidation Therapy after Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma","volume":"120","author":"Cavo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-374249","article-title":"IMWG Consensus on Maintenance Therapy in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"119","author":"Ludwig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114138","article-title":"Lenalidomide Maintenance after Stem-Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"366","author":"Attal","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.313","article-title":"Continued Improvement in Survival in Multiple Myeloma: Changes in Early Mortality and Outcomes in Older Patients","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-10-116129","article-title":"Improved Survival in Multiple Myeloma and the Impact of Novel Therapies","volume":"111","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5944.560","article-title":"Combination Therapy For Myelomatosis","volume":"4","author":"Azam","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199607113350204","article-title":"A Prospective, Randomized Trial of Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation and Chemotherapy in Multiple Myeloma. Intergroupe Fran\u00e7ais Du My\u00e9lome","volume":"335","author":"Attal","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1992.10.2.334","article-title":"Combination Chemotherapy versus Melphalan and Prednisolone in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: An Overview of Published Trials","volume":"10","author":"Gregory","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199005173222005","article-title":"Maintenance Treatment with Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2b in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Responding to Conventional Induction Chemotherapy","volume":"322","author":"Mandelli","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"934","article-title":"Melphalan-Prednisone versus Alternating Combination VAD\/MP or VND\/MP as Primary Therapy for Multiple Myeloma: Final Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Study","volume":"87","author":"Cavo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.9.2943","article-title":"Thalidomide and Its Analogs Overcome Drug Resistance of Human Multiple Myeloma Cells to Conventional Therapy","volume":"96","author":"Hideshima","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911183412102","article-title":"Antitumor Activity of Thalidomide in Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"341","author":"Singhal","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16639","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200360200","article-title":"NF-\u039aB as a Therapeutic Target in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"277","author":"Hideshima","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1177\/107327480301000502","article-title":"Bortezomib (PS-341): A Novel, First-in-Class Proteasome Inhibitor for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Other Cancers","volume":"10","author":"Richardson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3071","article-title":"The Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341 Inhibits Growth, Induces Apoptosis, and Overcomes Drug Resistance in Human Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"61","author":"Hideshima","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-015909","article-title":"A Randomized Phase 2 Study of Lenalidomide Therapy for Patients with Relapsed or Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"108","author":"Richardson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244917","article-title":"The Myeloma Drug Lenalidomide Promotes the Cereblon-Dependent Destruction of Ikaros Proteins","volume":"343","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244851","article-title":"Lenalidomide Causes Selective Degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 in Multiple Myeloma Cells","volume":"343","author":"Udeshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3816\/CLM.2009.n.035","article-title":"Melphalan, Prednisone, and Lenalidomide for Newly Diagnosed Myeloma: Kinetics of Neutropenia and Thrombocytopenia and Time-to-Event Results","volume":"9","author":"Palumbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-01-065888","article-title":"Potent Activity of Carfilzomib, a Novel, Irreversible Inhibitor of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway, against Preclinical Models of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"110","author":"Kuhn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30578-8","article-title":"Carfilzomib or Bortezomib in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (ENDEAVOR): An Interim Overall Survival Analysis of an Open-Label, Randomised, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"18","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-01-548941","article-title":"Phase 1 Study of Weekly Dosing with the Investigational Oral Proteasome Inhibitor Ixazomib in Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"124","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052658","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2052658","article-title":"Anti CD38 Monoclonal Antibodies for Multiple Myeloma Treatment","volume":"18","author":"Gozzetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1505654","article-title":"Elotuzumab Therapy for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"373","author":"Lonial","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01404-x","article-title":"Belantamab Mafodotin: First Approval","volume":"80","author":"Markham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30788-0","article-title":"Belantamab Mafodotin for Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (DREAMM-2): A Two-Arm, Randomised, Open-Label, Phase 2 Study","volume":"21","author":"Lonial","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-019-0198-4","article-title":"Phase I Trial of Isatuximab Monotherapy in the Treatment of Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gozzetti, A., and Bocchia, M. (2022). Steps towards a Multiple Myeloma Cure?. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091451"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10144","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-160451","article-title":"Analysis of Transplant-Eligible Patients (Pts) Who Received Frontline Daratumumab (DARA)-Based Quadruplet Therapy for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (NDMM) with High-Risk Cytogenetic Abnormalities (HRCA) in the Griffin and Master Studies","volume":"140","author":"Callander","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0196-8","article-title":"A High-Risk, Double-Hit, Group of Newly Diagnosed Myeloma Identified by Genomic Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Walker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023023597","article-title":"Daratumumab, Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone with Tandem Transplant for High-Risk Newly Diagnosed Myeloma","volume":"143","author":"Touzeau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-05-432203","article-title":"Improving Overall Survival and Overcoming Adverse Prognosis in the Treatment of Cytogenetically High-Risk Multiple Myeloma","volume":"121","author":"Bergsagel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13835","article-title":"Isatuximab plus Carfilzomib and Dexamethasone in Relapsed Multiple Myeloma Patients with High-Risk Cytogenetics: IKEMA Subgroup Analysis","volume":"109","author":"Spicka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2012.065698","article-title":"Extramedullary Disease Portends Poor Prognosis in Multiple Myeloma and Is Over-Represented in High-Risk Disease Even in the Era of Novel Agents","volume":"97","author":"Usmani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26447","article-title":"Extramedullary Intracranial Localization of Multiple Myeloma and Treatment with Novel Agents: A Retrospective Survey of 50 Patients","volume":"118","author":"Gozzetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/1871524914999140818111514","article-title":"Novel Agents in CNS Myeloma Treatment","volume":"14","author":"Gozzetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cent. Nerv. Syst. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2015.1128542","article-title":"Cutaneous Involvement in Multiple Myeloma: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Study of 53 Patients","volume":"57","author":"Jurczyszyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27023","article-title":"Natural History, Predictors of Development of Extramedullary Disease, and Treatment Outcomes for Patients with Extramedullary Multiple Myeloma","volume":"98","author":"Zanwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1597","article-title":"The Mechanism of Action of the Anti-CD38 Monoclonal Antibody Isatuximab in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"25","author":"Moreno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12389","article-title":"Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting CD38 in Hematological Malignancies and Beyond","volume":"270","author":"Janmaat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607751","article-title":"Daratumumab, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"375","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01814","article-title":"Evaluation of Sustained Minimal Residual Disease Negativity With Daratumumab-Combination Regimens in Relapsed and\/or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Analysis of POLLUX and CASTOR","volume":"39","author":"Casneuf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020005288","article-title":"Daratumumab, Lenalidomide, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone for Transplant-Eligible Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: The GRIFFIN Trial","volume":"136","author":"Voorhees","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2021.1841747","article-title":"Isatuximab for the Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"20","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-02-895193","article-title":"A Phase 1b Study of Isatuximab plus Pomalidomide\/Dexamethasone in Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma","volume":"134","author":"Mikhael","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2017-0616","article-title":"Isatuximab plus Pomalidomide\/Dexamethasone versus Pomalidomide\/Dexamethasone in Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: ICARIA Phase III Study Design","volume":"14","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4347","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2019-0431","article-title":"Isatuximab plus Carfilzomib\/Dexamethasone versus Carfilzomib\/Dexamethasone in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: IKEMA Phase III Study Design","volume":"16","author":"Moreau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gozzetti, A., Raspadori, D., Bacchiarri, F., Sicuranza, A., Pacelli, P., Ferrigno, I., Tocci, D., and Bocchia, M. (2020). Minimal Residual Disease in Multiple Myeloma: State of the Art and Applications in Clinical Practice. J. Pers. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm10030120"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5195","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1059","article-title":"Minimal Residual Disease in Myeloma: Application for Clinical Care and New Drug Registration","volume":"27","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-020-02828-7","article-title":"Clinical value of measurable residual disease testing for multiple myeloma and implementation in Japan","volume":"111","author":"Takamatsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.122","article-title":"EuroFlow Standardization of Flow Cytometer Instrument Settings and Immunophenotyping Protocols","volume":"26","author":"Kalina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2012.120","article-title":"EuroFlow Antibody Panels for Standardized N-Dimensional Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping of Normal, Reactive and Malignant Leukocytes","volume":"26","author":"Lhermitte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.29","article-title":"Next Generation Flow for Highly Sensitive and Standardized Detection of Minimal Residual Disease in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"31","author":"Paiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.21228","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines on Plasma Cell Myeloma Minimal Residual Disease Analysis and Reporting","volume":"90","author":"Arroz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytom. B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Q., Bai, Y., Orfao, A., and Chim, C.S. (2019). Standardized Minimal Residual Disease Detection by Next-Generation Sequencing in Multiple Myeloma. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00449"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14082","article-title":"Comparative Analysis between RQ-PCR and Digital-Droplet-PCR of Immunoglobulin\/T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangements to Monitor Minimal Residual Disease in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia","volume":"174","author":"Nunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-06-858613","article-title":"Minimal Residual Disease Negativity Using Deep Sequencing Is a Major Prognostic Factor in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"132","author":"Perrot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.69.2517","article-title":"Depth of Response in Multiple Myeloma: A Pooled Analysis of Three PETHEMA\/GEM Clinical Trials","volume":"35","author":"Lahuerta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.3160","article-title":"Association of Minimal Residual Disease with Superior Survival Outcomes in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Munshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-134538","article-title":"Early Versus Late Autologous Stem Cell Transplant in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: Long-Term Follow-up Analysis of the IFM 2009 Trial","volume":"136","author":"Perrot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-147897","article-title":"Daratumumab (DARA) with Bortezomib, Thalidomide, and Dexamethasone (VTd) in Transplant-Eligible Patients (Pts) with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (NDMM): Analysis of Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) Negativity in Cassiopeia Part 1 and Part 2","volume":"138","author":"Sonneveld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LBA-1","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-191911","article-title":"Phase 3 Randomized Study of Daratumumab (DARA) + Bortezomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone (VRd) Versus Vrd Alone in Patients (Pts) with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (NDMM) Who Are Eligible for Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT): Primary Results of the Perseus Trial","volume":"142","author":"Sonneveld","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e890","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00236-3","article-title":"Minimal Residual Disease Response-Adapted Therapy in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (MASTER): Final Report of the Multicentre, Single-Arm, Phase 2 Trial","volume":"10","author":"Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhutani, M., Robinson, M., Foureau, D., Atrash, S., Paul, B.A., Guo, F., Grayson, J., Ivanina-Foureau, A., Pineda-Roman, M., and Varga, C. (2024). MRD-driven phase 2 study of daratumumab, carfilzomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood Adv.","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2024014417"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mai, E.K., Bertsch, U., Pozek, E., Fenk, R., Besemer, B., Hanoun, C., Schroers, R., von Metzler, I., H\u00e4nel, M., and Mann, C. (2024). Isatuximab, Lenalidomide, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone Induction Therapy for Transplant-Eligible Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: Final Part 1 Analysis of the GMMG-HD7 Trial. J. Clin. Oncol., JCO-2402266.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-02266"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10150","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-163335","article-title":"Daratumumab Plus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone (D-Rd) Versus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone (Rd) Alone in Transplant-Ineligible Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (NDMM): Updated Analysis of the Phase 3 Maia Study","volume":"140","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32956-3","article-title":"Overall Survival with Daratumumab, Bortezomib, Melphalan, and Prednisone in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (ALCYONE): A Randomised, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"395","author":"Mateos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01696","article-title":"Isatuximab, Carfilzomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for the Treatment of High-Risk Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma","volume":"42","author":"Leypoldt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03050-2","article-title":"Isatuximab, lenalidomide, dexamethasone and bortezomib in transplant-ineligible multiple myeloma: The randomized phase 3 BENEFIT trial","volume":"30","author":"Leleu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2400712","article-title":"Isatuximab, Bortezomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"391","author":"Facon","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025746","article-title":"Daratumumab with Lenalidomide as Maintenance after Transplant in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: The AURIGA Study","volume":"145","author":"Badros","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-141538","article-title":"Minimal Residual Disease (MRD) at 10\u20136 Measured by Next Generation Flow (NGF) during Daratumumab Consolidation Therapy: Analysis at 18 Months Follow up of DART4MM Study (Daratumumab Treatment For Multiple Myeloma Eradication)","volume":"136","author":"Gozzetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.194282","article-title":"Daratumumab plus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone versus Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Updated Analysis of POLLUX","volume":"103","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606038","article-title":"Daratumumab, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma","volume":"375","author":"Palumbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3739","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023010026","article-title":"Final analysis of carfilzomib, dexamethasone, and daratumumab vs carfilzomib and dexamethasone in the CANDOR study","volume":"7","author":"Usmani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00128-5","article-title":"Daratumumab plus Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone versus Pomalidomide and Dexamethasone Alone in Previously Treated Multiple Myeloma (APOLLO): An Open-Label, Randomised, Phase 3 Trial","volume":"22","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00019-5","article-title":"Isatuximab plus Pomalidomide and Low-Dose Dexamethasone versus Pomalidomide and Low-Dose Dexamethasone in Patients with Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma (ICARIA-MM): Follow-up Analysis of a Randomised, Phase 3 Study","volume":"23","author":"Richardson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-159710","article-title":"Isatuximab Plus Pomalidomide\/Low-Dose Dexamethasone Versus Pomalidomide\/Low-Dose Dexamethasone in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (ICARIA-MM): Characterization of Subsequent Antimyeloma Therapies","volume":"140","author":"Richardson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00592-4","article-title":"Isatuximab, carfilzomib, and dexamethasone in relapsed multiple myeloma (IKEMA): A multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial","volume":"397","author":"Moreau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021011101","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Minimal Residual Disease Negativity in Myeloma: Combined Analysis of POLLUX, CASTOR, ALCYONE, and MAIA","volume":"139","author":"Cavo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1714678","article-title":"Daratumumab plus Bortezomib, Melphalan, and Prednisone for Untreated Myeloma","volume":"378","author":"Mateos","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020010439","article-title":"Sustained Minimal Residual Disease Negativity in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma and the Impact of Daratumumab in MAIA and ALCYONE","volume":"139","author":"Paiva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdi235","article-title":"Myeloma Bone Disease: Pathophysiology and Management","volume":"16","author":"Terpos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.47.7901","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group Recommendations for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma-Related Bone Disease","volume":"31","author":"Terpos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1457","article-title":"Whole-Body 18F-FDG Pet Identifies High-Risk Myeloma","volume":"43","author":"Durie","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-001-0711-3","article-title":"Initial Results in the Assessment of Multiple Myeloma Using 18F-FDG PET","volume":"29","author":"Schirrmeister","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-06-361386","article-title":"Prognostic Relevance of 18-F FDG PET\/CT in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Patients Treated with up-Front Autologous Transplantation","volume":"118","author":"Zamagni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020192621","article-title":"CD38-Targeted Immuno-PET of Multiple Myeloma: From Xenograft Models to First-in-Human Imaging","volume":"295","author":"Ulaner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30189-4","article-title":"Role of 18F-FDG PET\/CT in the Diagnosis and Management of Multiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Disorders: A Consensus Statement by the International Myeloma Working Group","volume":"18","author":"Cavo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"621","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography in Transplant-Eligible Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma Patients from CASSIOPEIA: The CASSIOPET Study","volume":"108","author":"Zweegman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30309-2","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group Consensus Recommendations on Imaging in Monoclonal Plasma Cell Disorders","volume":"20","author":"Hillengass","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000987","article-title":"Measurable Residual Disease in Peripheral Blood in Myeloma: Dream or Reality","volume":"35","author":"Kubicki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00e9s, J.J., San-Miguel, J., and Paiva, B. (2022). Biological Characterization and Clinical Relevance of Circulating Tumor Cells: Opening the Pandora\u2019s Box of Multiple Myeloma. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14061430"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019002610","article-title":"Blood Monitoring of Circulating Tumor Plasma Cells by next Generation Flow in Multiple Myeloma after Therapy","volume":"134","author":"Puig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2023.283831","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA and Bone Marrow Minimal Residual Disease Negativity Confers Superior Outcome for Multiple Myeloma Patients","volume":"109","author":"Mithraprabhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117623","article-title":"M-Protein Detection by Mass Spectrometry for Minimal Residual Disease in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"552","author":"Guan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-022-00772-9","article-title":"Implications and Prognostic Impact of Mass Spectrometry in Patients with Newly-Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Mai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-2767","article-title":"Monitoring Minimal Residual Disease in Patients with Multiple Myeloma by Targeted Tracking Serum M-Protein Using Mass Spectrometry (EasyM)","volume":"30","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2023-184837","article-title":"Analysis of Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow Residual Disease Dynamics during Intensive Treatment and Maintenance in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Included in the GEM12MENOS65 and GEM14MAIN Clinical Trials","volume":"142","author":"Puig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023022083","article-title":"Predictors of Unsustained Measurable Residual Disease Negativity in Transplant-Eligible Patients with Multiple Myeloma","volume":"143","author":"Guerrero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01537-2","article-title":"Minimal Residual Disease-Adapted Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: Current Evidence and Opinions","volume":"26","author":"Meseha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol. Rep."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/2\/159\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:36:01Z","timestamp":1759919761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/2\/159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18020159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18020159","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,25]]}}}