{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T12:16:57Z","timestamp":1784290617732,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of advancements in dry powder inhaler (DPI) technology for pulmonary and systemic drug delivery, focusing on proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and small molecules. Innovations in spray-drying (SD), spray freeze-drying (SFD), and nanocarrier engineering have led to enhanced stability, bioactivity, and aerosol performance. Studies reveal the critical role of excipients, particle morphology, and device design in optimizing deposition and therapeutic efficacy. Applications include asthma, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis (TB), and lung cancer, with emerging platforms such as ternary formulations and siRNA-loaded systems demonstrating significant clinical potential. Challenges such as stability, scalability, and patient adherence are addressed through novel strategies, including Quality by Design (QbD) approaches and advanced imaging tools. This work outlines pathways for future innovation in pulmonary drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T09:42:23Z","timestamp":1737970943000},"page":"175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dry Powder Inhalers for Delivery of Synthetic Biomolecules"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5637-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Omidian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barry and Juddy Silverman College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3244-2482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Nokhodchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lupin Inhalation Research Center, 4006 NW 124th Ave, Coral Springs, FL 33065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4455-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niloofar","family":"Babanejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4165","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00496","article-title":"Effect of Particle Formation Process on Characteristics and Aerosol Performance of Respirable Protein Powders","volume":"16","author":"Brunaugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. 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