{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:27:20Z","timestamp":1791959240046,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), which include Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic conditions requiring long-term therapy to maintain remission and improve quality of life. Despite the approval of numerous drugs, IBD continues to present treatment challenges. This review aims to summarize novel therapeutic target agents in phases II and III of development, including sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators (S1P), anti-interleukin-23 (IL-23), and other small molecules and monoclonal antibodies currently under investigation (e.g., anti-TL1A, obefazimod, NX-13, RIPK-inhibitors). Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted up to December 2024 to identify relevant articles published in English over the past three\u2013five years, focusing on phase II\/III studies for UC and CD. The search included databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and the ClinicalTrials.gov portal. Results: Clinical trials underline the potential of novel immunomodulators, including anti-TL1A, obefazimod, NX-13, RIPK inhibitors, and anti-IL-23p19 agents, as promising therapeutic options for IBD. Anti-IL23p19 therapies, such as risankizumab and mirikizumab, alongside guselkumab, exemplify this class\u2019s growing clinical relevance. While some are already in clinical use, others are nearing approval. Conclusions: Ongoing research into long-term safety and the development of personalized treatment strategies remains pivotal to enhance outcomes. Patient stratification and the strategic positioning of these therapies within the expanding treatment landscape are critical for optimizing their clinical impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T11:08:23Z","timestamp":1738235303000},"page":"190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Drug Development in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: What Is Next?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Petronio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8543-4355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Dal Buono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Gabbiadini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Migliorisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Privitera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Ferraris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Loy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0076-8549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Bezzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1572-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Armuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atreya, R., Neurath, M.F., and Siegmund, B. 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