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BX003312"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program","award":["14S-RCS001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14S-RCS001"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program","award":["R01AI100569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI100569"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program","award":["R01AI141412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141412"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program","award":["PR181134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR181134"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program","award":["BX004522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX004522"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development","award":["ARS-USDA CRIS 2090-32000-040-000-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARS-USDA CRIS 2090-32000-040-000-D"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development","award":["i01 BX003312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["i01 BX003312"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development","award":["14S-RCS001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14S-RCS001"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development","award":["R01AI100569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI100569"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development","award":["R01AI141412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI141412"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development","award":["PR181134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR181134"]}]},{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development","award":["BX004522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX004522"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives:\u00a0B. bigemina is a highly pathogenic and widely distributed tick-borne disease parasite responsible for bovine babesiosis. The development of effective and safe therapies is urgently needed for global disease control. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of endochin-like quinolone (ELQ-316), buparvaquone (BPQ), imidocarb (ID), and the combinations of ID + ELQ-316 and BPQ + ELQ-316, on in vitro survival of B. bigemina.\u00a0Methods: Parasites at a starting parasitemia level of 2%, were incubated with each single drug and a combination of drugs, ranging from 25 to 1200 nM of concentration over four consecutive days. The inhibitory concentrations, 50% (IC50%) and 99% (IC99%), were estimated. Parasitemia levels were evaluated daily using microscopic examination. Data were statistically compared using the non-parametrical Kruskall\u2013Wallis test. Results: All drugs tested significantly inhibited (p &lt; 0.05) the growth of B. bigemina at 2% parasitemia. The combination of ID + ELQ-316 exhibited a lower mean (IC50%: 9.2; confidence interval 95%: 8.7\u20139.9) than ID (IC50%: 61.5; confidence interval 95%: 59.54\u201363.46), ELQ-316 (IC50%: 48.10; confidence interval 95%: 42.76\u201358.83), BPQ (IC50%: 44.66; confidence interval 95%: 43.56\u201345.81), and BPQ + ELQ-316 (IC50%: 27.59; confidence interval: N\/A). Parasites were no longer viable in cultures treated with the BPQ + ELQ-316 combination, as well as with BPQ alone at a concentration of 1200 nM, on days 2 and 3 of treatment, respectively. Conclusions: BPQ and ID increase the babesiacidal effect of ELQ-316. The efficacy of these combinations deserves to be evaluated in vivo, which could lead to a promising and safer treatment option for B. bigemina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T04:47:31Z","timestamp":1738817251000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Enhanced Anti-Babesia Efficacy of Buparvaquone and Imidocarb When Combined with ELQ-316 In Vitro Culture of Babesia bigemina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Natalia M.","family":"Cardillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas F.","family":"Villarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Individualized Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Lacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Doggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Portland Healthcare System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1343-5279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael K.","family":"Riscoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Portland Healthcare System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2680-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4525-5539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chungwon J.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF, WSU, Pullman, WA 99163, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Review Article Bovine Babesiosis; Review on Its Global Prevalence and Anticipatory Control for One Health","volume":"2","author":"Asrar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cont. 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