{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T23:55:58Z","timestamp":1790034958688,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2024, the FDA approved fifty novel drugs, including four peptides and oligonucleotides (TIDEs) (two pepTIDEs and two oligonucleoTIDEs), highlighting their increasing importance as effective alternatives to traditional drug classes. TIDEs provide essential therapies for complex diseases, such as genetic disorders, rather than merely addressing symptoms. In addition to oligonucleotide therapeutics for various genetic conditions, peptides became the first approved treatment for Rett Syndrome in 2023 and were also used to treat Niemann\u2013Pick disease type C (NPC) in 2024. Interestingly, among the strategies employed in recent approvals to enhance stability and\/or delivery, the prodrug approach, exemplified by palopegteriparatide and pegulicianine, is emerging as a more targeted and precise therapeutic strategy. Additionally, the Enhanced Stabilization Chemistry (ESC)-GalNAc platform has been expanded for hepatic delivery of a new oligonucleotide drug, olezarsen. Furthermore, novel modifications to the ribose moiety in oligonucleotides, such as the 3\u2032-amino substitution in imetelstat, enhance their stability. This review examines the TIDES approved in 2024 based on their chemical structure, medical targets, modes of action, administration routes, and common adverse effects. In addition, it highlights how the prodrug strategy has improved targeting efficiency and extended the half-lives of the active drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T03:47:46Z","timestamp":1740109666000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["2024 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2421-1825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Othman","family":"Al Musaimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-2706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danah","family":"AlShaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8521-9172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz G.","family":"de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8946-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Albericio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de la Torre, B.G., and Albericio, F. (2025). The Pharmaceutical Industry in 2024: An Analysis of the FDA Drug Approvals from the Perspective of Molecules. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202501.0253.v1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauffer, M.C., van Roon-Mom, W., Aartsma-Rus, A., and N = 1 Collaborative (2024). Possibilities and limitations of antisense oligonucleotide therapies for the treatment of monogenic disorders. Commun. Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-023-00419-1"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Padda, I.S., Mahtani, A.U., Patel, P., and Parmar, M. (2025). Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) Therapy. StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-024-03352-7","article-title":"Oligonucleotides: Evolution and innovation","volume":"33","author":"Mohammed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, January 28). Defitelio Drug Label, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2016\/208114lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0983-6","article-title":"Patisiran: First Global Approval","volume":"78","author":"Hoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01269-0","article-title":"Givosiran: First Approval","volume":"80","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02080-x","article-title":"Imetelstat: First Approval","volume":"84","author":"Keam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200900187","article-title":"Oligonucleotide N3\u2032\u2192P5\u2032 Phosphoramidates and Thio-Phoshoramidates as Potential Therapeutic Agents","volume":"7","author":"Gryaznov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/prac.18820260112","article-title":"Ueber einige neue der Hippurs\u00e4ure analog constituirte, synthetisch dargestellte Amidos\u00e4uren","volume":"26","author":"Curtius","year":"1882","journal-title":"J. Prakt. Chemie"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.190103402249","article-title":"Ueber einige Derivate des Glykocolls","volume":"34","author":"Fischer","year":"1901","journal-title":"Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Bunsenges"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1021\/ie50183a004","article-title":"The Preparation of Insulin","volume":"17","author":"Scott","year":"1925","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Musaimi, O. (2024). Exploring FDA-Approved Frontiers: Insights into Natural and Engineered Peptide Analogues in the GLP-1, GIP, GHRH, CCK, ACTH, and \u03b1-MSH Realms. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030264"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.06.052","article-title":"Therapeutic peptides: Historical perspectives, current development trends, and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00897a025","article-title":"Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. I. The Synthesis of a Tetrapeptide","volume":"85","author":"Merrifield","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Musaimi, O., Lombardi, L., Williams, D.R., and Albericio, F. (2022). Strategies for Improving Peptide Stability and Delivery. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15101283"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Rytelo Approval Letter, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/appletter\/2024\/217779Orig1s000ltr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Tryngolz Approval Letter, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/appletter\/2024\/218614Orig1s000ltr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Yorvipath Approval Letter, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/appletter\/2024\/216490Orig1s000ltr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Lumisight Approval Letter, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/appletter\/2024\/214511Orig1s000ltr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Aqneursa Approval Letter, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/appletter\/2024\/219132Orig1s000ltr.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Rytelo Drug Label, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2024\/217779s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, R.Z., Graham, M.J., Post, N., Riney, S., Zanardi, T., Hall, S., Burkey, J., Shemesh, C.S., Prakash, T.P., and Seth, P.P. (2016). Disposition and Pharmacology of a GalNAc3-conjugated ASO Targeting Human Lipoprotein (a) in Mice. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids, 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2016.26"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Shaer, D., Al Musaimi, O., Albericio, F., and de la Torre, B.G. (2024). 2023 FDA TIDES (Peptides and Oligonucleotides) Harvest. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17020243"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.070","article-title":"Targeting RNA with Antisense Oligonucleotides and Small Interfering RNA: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"76","author":"Katzmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6177","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30070459","article-title":"Management of Patients with Lower-Risk Myelodysplastic Neoplasms (MDS)","volume":"30","author":"Lucero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"3931","article-title":"A novel telomerase template antagonist (GRN163) as a potential anticancer agent","volume":"63","author":"Asai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lennox, A.L., Huang, F., Behrs, M.K., Gonz\u00e1lez-Sales, M., Bhise, N., Wan, Y., Sun, L., Berry, T., Feller, F., and Morcos, P.N. (2024). Imetelstat, a novel, first-in-class telomerase inhibitor: Mechanism of action, clinical, and translational science. Clin. Transl. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70076"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Tryngolz Drug Label, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2024\/218614s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1400284","article-title":"Targeting APOC3 in the Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome","volume":"371","author":"Gaudet","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, E., Lesogor, A., Yan, J.H., Hoenlinger, A., Margolskee, A., Li, L., and Tsimikas, S. (2024). Efficacy and safety of olezarsen in lowering apolipoprotein C-III and triglycerides in healthy Japanese Americans. Lipids Health Dis., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02297-5"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2402309","article-title":"Olezarsen for Hypertriglyceridemia in Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"390","author":"Bergmark","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2400201","article-title":"Olezarsen, Acute Pancreatitis, and Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome","volume":"390","author":"Stroes","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2023.2206015","article-title":"Recent advances in treating hypertriglyceridemia in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease with apolipoprotein C-III inhibitors","volume":"24","author":"Spagnuolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715944","article-title":"Volanesorsen and Triglyceride Levels in Familial Chylomicronemia Syndrome","volume":"381","author":"Witztum","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starling, S. (2023). Promising findings in PTH replacement therapy trial. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 19.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00779-z"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Lumisight Drug Label, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2024\/214511s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Yorvipath Drug Label, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2024\/216490s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.1916","article-title":"Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism by Re-Establishing the Effects of Parathyroid Hormone","volume":"39","author":"Rejnmark","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-02843-8","article-title":"Palopegteriparatide Treatment Improves Renal Function in Adults with Chronic Hypoparathyroidism: 1-Year Results from the Phase 3 PaTHway Trial","volume":"41","author":"Rejnmark","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.4726","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Parathyroid Hormone Replacement With TransCon PTH in Hypoparathyroidism: 26-Week Results from the Phase 3 PaTHway Trial","volume":"38","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarz, P., Rejnmark, L., Gosmanova, E., Khan, A., Makita, N., Imanishi, Y., Takeuchi, Y., Sprague, S., Shoback, D.M., and Kohlmeier, L. (2024). Sustained improvement in renal function with palopegteriparatide in adults with chronic hypoparathyroidism: 2-year results from the phase 3 PaTHway trial. Endocrine Abstracts, Bioscientifica.","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.99.OC2.2"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clarke, B.L., Khan, A.A., Rubin, M.R., Schwarz, P., Vokes, T., Shoback, D.M., Gagnon, C., Palermo, A., Abbott, L.G., and Hofbauer, L.C. (2024). Efficacy and Safety of TransCon PTH in Adults With Hypoparathyroidism: 52-Week Results From the Phase 3 PaTHway Trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae693"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae121","article-title":"An Open-label Phase 2 Study of Eneboparatide, a Novel PTH Receptor 1 Agonist, in Hypoparathyroidism","volume":"109","author":"Takacs","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2302708","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Encaleret in Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia Type 1","volume":"389","author":"Gafni","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Eng. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/IO9.0000000000000064","article-title":"Pegulicianine: A game changer for image-guided breast cancer surgery","volume":"62","author":"Anand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Open"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320ra324","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad0293","article-title":"A mouse-human phase 1 co-clinical trial of a protease-activated fluorescent probe for imaging cancer","volume":"8","author":"Whitley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200210140","article-title":"Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy imaging of live cell protein localizations","volume":"160","author":"Sekar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wapnir, I., Hwang, E.S., Hunt, K., Carr, D., Blumencranz, P., Chang, M., Smith, K., Ferrer, J., and Smith, B. (2024). Abstract PO5-22-09: Positive pegulicianine fluorescence rate in the lumpectomy cavity correlates with tumor distance to margins in excised tissue. Cancer Res., 84.","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.SABCS23-PO5-22-09"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.1075","article-title":"Clinical Impact of Intraoperative Margin Assessment in Breast-Conserving Surgery With a Novel Pegulicianine Fluorescence\u2013Guided System: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial","volume":"157","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, B.L., Hunt, K.K., Carr, D., Blumencranz, P.W., Hwang, E.S., Gadd, M.A., Stone, K., Dyess, D.L., Dodge, D., and Valente, S. (2023). Intraoperative Fluorescence Guidance for Breast Cancer Lumpectomy Surgery. NEJM Evid., 2.","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2200333"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). FDA Approves Imaging Drug to Assist in Detection of Cancerous Tissue Following Lumpectomy, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/news-events-human-drugs\/fda-approves-imaging-drug-assist-detection-cancerous-tissue-following-lumpectomy."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Investigation of Novel Surgical Imaging for Tumor Excision (INSITE), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03686215."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Aqneurs Drug Label, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2024\/219132s000lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.11.011","article-title":"Treating Niemann-Pick C lysosomal storage: Approved and emerging approaches","volume":"31","author":"Klein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2313791","article-title":"N-Acetyl-l-Leucine and Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"390","author":"Tifft","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). FDA Approves New Drug to Treat Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-new-drug-treat-niemann-pick-disease-type-c."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pineda, M., Walterfang, M., and Patterson, M.C. (2018). Miglustat in Niemann-Pick disease type C patients: A review. Orphanet J. Rare Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0844-0"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-021-10717-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of N-acetyl-l-leucine in Niemann\u2013Pick disease type C","volume":"269","author":"Claassen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaya, E., Smith, D.A., Smith, C., Boland, B., Strupp, M., and Platt, F.M. (2020). Beneficial Effects of Acetyl-DL-Leucine (ADLL) in a Mouse Model of Sandhoff Disease. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041050"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaya, E., Smith, D.A., Smith, C., Morris, L., Bremova-Ertl, T., Cortina-Borja, M., Fineran, P., Morten, K.J., Poulton, J., and Boland, B. (2020). Acetyl-leucine slows disease progression in lysosomal storage disorders. Brain Commun., 3.","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa148"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2310151","article-title":"Trial of N-Acetyl-l-Leucine in Niemann\u2013Pick Disease Type C","volume":"390","author":"Ramaswami","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1133","article-title":"Large-scale manufacture of peptide therapeutics by chemical synthesis","volume":"2","author":"Bray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Musaimi, O. (2024). FDA\u2019s stamp of approval: Unveiling peptide breakthroughs in cardiovascular diseases, ACE, HIV, CNS, and beyond. J. Pept. Sci., 30.","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.3627"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"del Olmo-Garcia, M.I., and Merino-Torres, J.F. (2018). GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J. Diabetes Res., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4020492"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.37349\/eds.2024.00039","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide agonists for the treatment of obesity and diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Martins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Explor. Drug Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Bicycle Is Developing Several Molecules in the Clinic, and Advancing Many Additional Discovery-Stage Projects. Available online: https:\/\/www.bicycletherapeutics.com\/pipeline\/pipeline\/."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Alnylam Pipeline. Available online: https:\/\/www.alnylam.com\/alnylam-rnai-pipeline."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Zealand Pharama Pipeline. Available online: https:\/\/www.zealandpharma.com\/pipeline\/."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Novo Nordisk Pipeline. Available online: https:\/\/www.novonordisk.com\/science-and-technology\/r-d-pipeline.html."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Eli Lilly and Company Pipeline. Available online: https:\/\/www.lilly.com\/innovation\/clinical-development-pipeline#."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2025, February 17). Unveiling the Phenomenal Rise of Peptide Therapeutics: A Whopping 10.8% CAGR Propels Market Value to US$ 106.0 Billion by 2033. Available online: https:\/\/www.pharmiweb.com\/press-release\/2023-07-25\/unveiling-the-phenomenal-rise-of-peptide-therapeutics-a-whopping-108-cagr-propels-market-value-to."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, H., Zhou, X., Zhang, Z., Weng, Z., Li, G., Zhou, Y., and Yao, Y. (2024). AI-Driven Design of Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Therapeutic Biotechnology. Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther., 30.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-024-10654-2"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, L., Mondal, A., Singh, B., Mart\u00ednez-Noa, Y., and Perez, A. (2024). Revolutionizing peptide-based drug discovery: Advances in the post-AlphaFold era. WIREs Comput. Mol. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1693"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, K., Li, R., Zhang, S., Sun, Y., Huang, L., Jiang, M., Xu, D., and Xu, W. (2025). Deep Learning Combined with Quantitative Structure\u2013Activity Relationship Accelerates De Novo Design of Antifungal Peptides. Adv. Sci.","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412488"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Song, M., Liu, F., Liang, Z., Hong, R., Dong, Y., Luan, H., Fu, X., Yuan, W., and Fang, W. (2025). Artificial intelligence using a latent diffusion model enables the generation of diverse and potent antimicrobial peptides. Sci. Adv., 11.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp7171"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barroso, R.A., Ag\u00fcero-Chapin, G., Sousa, R., Marrero-Ponce, Y., and Antunes, A. (2025). Unlocking Antimicrobial Peptides: In Silico Proteolysis and Artificial Intelligence-Driven Discovery from Cnidarian Omics. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030550"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/3\/291\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:39:14Z","timestamp":1760027954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/3\/291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18030291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18030291","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]}}}