{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T19:17:17Z","timestamp":1789327037100,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinal models play a pivotal role in translational drug development, bridging preclinical research and therapeutic applications for both ocular and systemic diseases. This review highlights the retina as an ideal organ for studying advanced therapies, thanks to its immune privilege, vascular and neuronal networks, accessibility, and advanced imaging capabilities. Preclinical retinal disease models offer unparalleled insights into inflammation, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and hypoxia, utilizing clinically translatable bioimaging tools like fundoscopy, optical coherence tomography, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, optokinetic tracking, and electroretinography. These models have driven innovations in anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and neuroprotective strategies, with broader implications for systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer\u2019s, and fibrosis-related conditions. By emphasizing the integration of the 3Rs principles and novel imaging modalities, this review highlights how retinal research not only enhances therapeutic precision but also minimizes ethical concerns, paving the way for more predictive and human-relevant approaches in drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T06:39:07Z","timestamp":1740119947000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Preclinical Retinal Disease Models: Applications in Drug Development and Translational Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sudha Priya","family":"Soundara Pandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medinect Bioservices Ltd., Belfast BT7 1NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8749-0441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanagh","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medinect Bioservices Ltd., Belfast BT7 1NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0312-2308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medinect Bioservices Ltd., Belfast BT7 1NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Harkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medinect Bioservices Ltd., Belfast BT7 1NF, UK"},{"name":"Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen\u2019s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Bojdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medinect Bioservices Ltd., Belfast BT7 1NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1960). 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