{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:45:32Z","timestamp":1790217932850,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]],"date-time":"2025-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Research and Graduate studies at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/402\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/402\/45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Depression is one of the most serious and common health problems among the youth population and is responsible for the initiation of many diseases. As per the World Health Organization, 3.8% of the population suffers from mental depression, globally. The monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) enzyme is responsible for the degradation of neurotransmitters leading to lower levels of neurotransmitters. Methods: Chalcones (C1-C15) were synthesized by reacting substituted acetophenone with various benzaldehydes in a basic ethanolic solvent at 80 \u00b0C under microwave irradiation conditions. To compare the reaction time and product yield, a conventional method of synthesis of chalcones was also performed. The synthesized chalcones (C1-C15) were spectroscopically characterized and screened initially for inhibitory activities against MAO-A and MAO-B. The best active compounds were undertaken for IC50 determination against MAO-A enzyme followed by the reversibility of inhibition analysis and the antioxidant assay. Moreover, in silico molecular docking and ADME pharmacokinetic investigations were accomplished. Results: Most of the compounds inhibited MAO-A, specifically, compounds C14 and C6 exhibited the highest inhibition at IC50 values of 7.91 \u00b1 0.08 \u03bcM and 8.45 \u00b1 0.19 \u03bcM, respectively. Both these compounds exhibited a reversible MAO-A inhibition displaying up to 60% recovery of enzymatic activity when diluted with substrate (Tyramine). The results of the in silico study indicated docking scores of \u22129.56 Kcal\/mol (C14) and \u22129.45 Kcal\/mol (C6) and exhibited a \u03c0-\u03c0 stacking interaction with the crucial amino acid Trp-397. The compounds were determined to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) and displayed favorable gastrointestinal (GI) absorption. Further, the antioxidant assay results demonstrated that the synthesized compounds possess modest free radical scavenging potential. Conclusions: This study displayed the MAO-A inhibitory potential of morpholine-substituted chalcones as a promising pharmacophore for the development of novel antidepressant lead compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T07:46:57Z","timestamp":1740383217000},"page":"309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Morpholine-Based Chalcones as Reversible MAO-A Inhibitors in the Management of Mental Depression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4336-2576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diksha","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9268-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhupinder","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar 246174, Jammu and Kashmir, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balakumar","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P. O. Box 1, Amman 19392, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2979-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thakur Gurjeet","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-9562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajwinder","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5073-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afaf","family":"Aldahish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajalakshimi","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6882-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prasanalakshmi","family":"Balaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-024-00520-2","article-title":"Trends in Mental Health: A Review of the Most Influential Research on Depression in Children and Adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Mei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. 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