{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T11:58:55Z","timestamp":1780142335360,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)","award":["407871\/2023-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["407871\/2023-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients, with their incidence rising globally. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, untreated with insulin, exhibit human-like symptoms such as hyperglycemia, polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss, cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, and oxidative stress. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of Ilex guayusa tea on cardiovascular, autonomic, metabolic, and oxidative stress parameters in diabetic rats, as well as its antioxidant and phytochemical properties. Methods: Thirteen female Wistar rats were divided into two groups: diabetic (D; n = 7) and diabetic + Ilex guayusa (DG; n = 6). Diabetes was induced by a single STZ injection (50 mg\/kg, i.v.), and guayusa tea was provided ad libitum for 21 days (3.0 g\/L). Results: Glycemia and body mass were initially similar between the groups; however, throughout the protocol, the D group showed an increase in glycaemia and a decrease in body mass when compared to initial values. While no differences in arterial pressure, heart rate, linear heart rate variability, and oxidative stress were observed, the D group showed reduced vascular sympathetic modulation (LF-SAP and VAR-SAP) compared to the DG group. This reduced vascular sympathetic modulation, which was a poor prognostic marker in this model, was inversely correlated with glycemia (VAR-SAP and final glycemia, r: \u22120.81, p = 0.002). Conclusions: These findings suggest that Ilex guayusa tea consumption may mitigate metabolic and autonomic dysfunction in diabetes, highlighting its potential therapeutic role in managing diabetic complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T10:52:47Z","timestamp":1740394367000},"page":"316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ilex Guayusa Tea Improves Glycaemia and Autonomic Modulation in Female Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Tafne Coelho","family":"Mello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S\u00e3o Paulo 01504-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle da Silva","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S\u00e3o Paulo 01504-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Federal do Maranhao (UFMA), Sao Luis 65085-580, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9555-4134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalia","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S\u00e3o Paulo 01504-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, S\u00e3o Judas Tadeu University, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4955-0356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Aparecida do","family":"Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S\u00e3o Paulo 01504-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Paix\u00e3o","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S\u00e3o Paulo 01504-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Llesuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1199, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3640-9049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00e1tia","family":"De Angelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S\u00e3o Paulo 01504-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), S\u00e3o Paulo 04021-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipe F.","family":"Stoyell-Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Physiology, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), S\u00e3o Paulo 01504-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653789","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/653789","article-title":"Impact of diabetes on cardiovascular disease: An update","volume":"2013","author":"Matheus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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