{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T12:23:06Z","timestamp":1774700586429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSP2025R357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSP2025R357"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study examined the fabrication and characterization of nanosponges (NS) laden with polyoxometalates (TiW11Co) with the intention of targeting malignancy. Methods: By employing the emulsion solvent diffusion technique, TiW11Co-NS were generated by combining polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and ethyl cellulose (EC) in different concentrations. Results: A significant numerical results encompassed a hydrodynamic particle diameter of 109.5 nm, loading efficiencies reaching 85.9%, and zeta potentials varying from \u221224.91 to \u221227.08 (mV). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were employed to validate the TiW11Co-NS porous structure and surface morphology. The results of the stability investigation indicated that TiW11Co-NS exhibited prolonged sturdiness. Investigation examining the inhibition of enzymes revealed that TiW11Co-NS exhibited enhanced effectiveness against TNAP. Pharmacological evaluations of TiW11Co-NS demonstrated improved cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects in comparison to pure TiW11Co, thereby indicating their potential utility in targeted cancer therapy. In vivo investigations involving mice revealed that TiW11Co-NS caused a more substantial reduction in tumor weight and increased survival rates in comparison to pure TiW11Co. The resemblance of TiW11Co for crucial proteins associated with cancer proliferation was featured through molecular docking, thereby supporting its therapeutic potential. Conclusions: The TiW11Co-laden nanosponges demonstrated superior stability, enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, and in vivo anticancer efficacy, underscoring their potential for targeted cancer therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T04:28:18Z","timestamp":1740716898000},"page":"347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nanosponge-Encapsulated Polyoxometalates: Unveiling the Multi-Faceted Potential Against Cancers and Metastases Through Comprehensive Preparation, Characterization, and Computational Exploration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sajjad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zubair","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayesha Bint Umar","family":"Awan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queens Hospital BHRUT Romford, Romford RM7 0AG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4396-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid Saeed","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0516-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sarfraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8998-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1755-9671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahir Ali","family":"Chohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3498-4112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanveer A.","family":"Wani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-0841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seema","family":"Zargar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zobia","family":"Jawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Willingdon Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2015.03.018","article-title":"Advanced targeted therapies in cancer: Drug nanocarriers, the future of chemotherapy","volume":"93","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. 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