{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:22:25Z","timestamp":1782375745025,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]],"date-time":"2025-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallium-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) probes targeting activated fibroblasts or somatostatin receptor expression are frequently used for varying applications in oncology. With the widespread availability of 68Ge\/68Ga generators and cold kits, 68Ga tracers have become a main tool in molecular imaging. These tracers, such as [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE, [68Ga]Ga-FAPI, and [68Ga]Ga-pentixafor, allow targeted imaging of the key pathological processes, including inflammation, fibrosis, and necrosis. This review highlights their potential in conditions like myocardial infarction, cardiac sarcoidosis, myocarditis, and other cardiomyopathies. Clinical and preclinical studies underscore their utility in visualizing active disease processes, predicting outcomes, and guiding therapeutic strategies. However, challenges remain, including the need for standardization, larger clinical trials, and integration into routine practice. These advancements position 68Ga-based PET as a promising modality for enhancing diagnostic precision and personalized treatment in cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T08:46:41Z","timestamp":1741596401000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Gallium-Labeled PET Radiopharmaceuticals in Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6526-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthieu","family":"Bailly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, CHU Orleans, 45100 Orl\u00e9ans, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire pour l\u2019Innovation et la Recherche en Sant\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, Orleans University, 45100 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Claire","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, CHU Tours, 37000 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1244-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Domain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, CHU Orleans, 45100 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Darsin-Bettinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, CHU Orleans, 45100 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Courtehoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, CHU Tours, 37000 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Metrard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, CHU Orleans, 45100 Orl\u00e9ans, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire pour l\u2019Innovation et la Recherche en Sant\u00e9 d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, Orleans University, 45100 Orl\u00e9ans, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1578-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, CHU Caen, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6575-9224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Vigne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Department, CHU Caen, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-05066-5","article-title":"Procedural recommendations of cardiac PET\/CT imaging: Standardization in inflammatory-, infective-, infiltrative-, and innervation (4Is)-related cardiovascular diseases: A joint collaboration of the EACVI and the EANM","volume":"48","author":"Slart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12913","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200712913","article-title":"68Ga-Based radiopharmaceuticals: Production and application relationship","volume":"20","author":"Velikyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lepareur, N. (2022). Cold Kit Labeling: The Future of (68)Ga Radiopharmaceuticals?. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.812050"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"163","article-title":"The Current Status of the Production and Supply of Gallium-68","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1021\/bc700341x","article-title":"Convenient preparation of 68Ga-based PET-radiopharmaceuticals at room temperature","volume":"19","author":"Velikyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daneshrad, J.A., Ordovas, K., Sierra-Galan, L.M., Hays, A.G., Mamas, M.A., Bucciarelli-Ducci, C., and Parwani, P. (2023). Role of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of MINOCA. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12052017"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclcard.2024.102012","article-title":"Novel tracers to assess myocardial inflammation with radionuclide imaging","volume":"42","author":"Lucinian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.11.007","article-title":"Radionuclide Image-Guided Repair of the Heart","volume":"13","author":"Hess","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-018-1264-1","article-title":"Current and Emerging Preclinical Approaches for Imaging-Based Characterization of Atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Vigne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-017-1131-5","article-title":"Radiopharmaceutical tracers for cardiac imaging","volume":"25","author":"Manabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.09.015","article-title":"Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure","volume":"6","author":"Bahit","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.199","article-title":"Myocardial remodeling after infarction: The role of myofibroblasts","volume":"7","author":"Diez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.119.226993","article-title":"Molecular Imaging of Fibroblast Activity After Myocardial Infarction Using a (68)Ga-Labeled Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor, FAPI-04","volume":"60","author":"Varasteh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00551","article-title":"Noninvasive Monitoring of Reparative Fibrosis after Myocardial Infarction in Rats Using (68)Ga-FAPI-04 PET\/CT","volume":"19","author":"Qiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.263555","article-title":"Cardiac Fibroblast Activation in Patients Early After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Integration with MR Tissue Characterization and Subsequent Functional Outcome","volume":"63","author":"Diekmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000003745","article-title":"Visualization of Fibroblast Activation After Myocardial Infarction Using 68Ga-FAPI PET","volume":"46","author":"Kessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05674-9","article-title":"Fibroblast activation protein imaging in reperfused ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"49","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-06015-0","article-title":"[(68)Ga]Ga-DOTA-FAPI-04 PET\/MR in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Potential role of predicting left ventricular remodeling","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-021-02603-z","article-title":"Imaging of cardiac fibroblast activation in a patient after acute myocardial infarction using (68)Ga-FAPI-04","volume":"29","author":"Notohamiprodjo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"101340","article-title":"Delayed (68)Ga-FAPI-46 PET\/MR imaging confirms ongoing fibroblast activation in patients after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"50","author":"Kupusovic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doring, Y., Pawig, L., Weber, C., and Noels, H. (2014). The CXCL12\/CXCR4 chemokine ligand\/receptor axis in cardiovascular disease. Front. Physiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00212"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.09.008","article-title":"Molecular Imaging of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 After Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"8","author":"Thackeray","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa598","article-title":"Molecular imaging-guided repair after acute myocardial infarction by targeting the chemokine receptor CXCR4","volume":"41","author":"Hess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2021.08.013","article-title":"CXCR4-Targeted Imaging of Post-Infarct Myocardial Tissue Inflammation: Prognostic Value After Reperfused Myocardial Infarction","volume":"15","author":"Werner","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.117.196485","article-title":"Clinical Molecular Imaging of Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Expression in Atherosclerotic Plaque Using (68)Ga-Pentixafor PET: Correlation with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Calcified Plaque Burden","volume":"59","author":"Weiberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.05.073","article-title":"Imaging of myocardial inflammation with somatostatin receptor based PET\/CT\u2014A comparison to cardiac MRI","volume":"194","author":"Lapa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-021-02526-9","article-title":"Incidental cardiac findings on somatostatin receptor PET\/CT: What do they indicate and are they of clinical relevance?","volume":"29","author":"Bobbio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varasteh, Z., Braeuer, M., Mohanta, S., Steinsiek, A.L., Habenicht, A., Omidvari, N., Topping, G.J., Rischpler, C., Weber, W.A., and Sager, H.B. (2022). In vivo Visualization of M2 Macrophages in the Myocardium After Myocardial Infarction (MI) Using (68) Ga-NOTA-Anti-MMR Nb: Targeting Mannose Receptor (MR, CD206) on M2 Macrophages. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.889963"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.314030","article-title":"Molecular Imaging Visualizes Recruitment of Inflammatory Monocytes and Macrophages to the Injured Heart","volume":"124","author":"Heo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.58.6.1204","article-title":"Cardiac sarcoid: A clinicopathologic study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis","volume":"58","author":"Silverman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm456","article-title":"The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"28","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.03.043","article-title":"HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"11","author":"Birnie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.851352","article-title":"Detection of myocardial damage in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"120","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.111.090662","article-title":"The use of 18F-FDG PET in the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis: A systematic review and metaanalysis including the Ontario experience","volume":"53","author":"Youssef","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.09.022","article-title":"Cardiac positron emission tomography enhances prognostic assessments of patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"63","author":"Blankstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318266cb25","article-title":"Efficacy of heparin loading during an 18F-FDG PET\/CT examination to search for cardiac sarcoidosis activity","volume":"38","author":"Ito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-011-9422-8","article-title":"Utility of high fat and low carbohydrate diet in suppressing myocardial FDG uptake","volume":"18","author":"Harisankar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W151","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2409","article-title":"Suppression of myocardial 18F-FDG uptake by preparing patients with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet","volume":"190","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1999.00498.x","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin receptor sst2A in sarcoid granulomas","volume":"29","author":"Hofland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1007\/s002590050297","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor imaging in patients with sarcoidosis","volume":"25","author":"Kwekkeboom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv278","article-title":"Detection of cardiac sarcoidosis by macrophage-directed somatostatin receptor 2-based positron emission tomography\/computed tomography","volume":"36","author":"Reiter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-016-0207-6","article-title":"A dual tracer (68)Ga-DOTANOC PET\/CT and (18)F-FDG PET\/CT pilot study for detection of cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"6","author":"Gormsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77807","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12799","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor based PET\/CT in patients with the suspicion of cardiac sarcoidosis: An initial comparison to cardiac MRI","volume":"7","author":"Lapa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-021-01641-4","article-title":"Comparison of (68)Ga-DOTANOC PET\/CT with cardiac MRI in patients with clinical suspicion of cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"35","author":"Kaushik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e416","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000003185","article-title":"68Ga-DOTATOC PET for Treatment Efficacy Evaluation of Cardiac Sarcoidosis","volume":"45","author":"Imperiale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-022-03087-1","article-title":"Utility of 68Ga-DOTANOC PET\/CT in therapeutic monitoring of cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"30","author":"Jaleel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclcard.2024.101835","article-title":"Potential application of (68)Ga-FAPI PET\/CT for diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis","volume":"36","author":"Solanki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-020-02307-w","article-title":"Cardiac fibroblast activation detected by Ga-68 FAPI PET imaging as a potential novel biomarker of cardiac injury\/remodeling","volume":"28","author":"Siebermair","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Huo, L., Lin, L., Niu, N., and Li, X. (2023). In Vivo Fibroblast Activation of Systemic Sarcoidosis: A (68)Ga-FAPI-04 PET\/CT Imaging Study. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13081450"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00435-x","article-title":"Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: Current evidence and future directions","volume":"18","author":"Tschope","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz026","article-title":"Cardiovascular toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"115","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx321","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of myocardial involvement in systemic immune-mediated diseases: A position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Disease","volume":"38","author":"Caforio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.072","article-title":"Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Nonischemic Myocardial Inflammation: Expert Recommendations","volume":"72","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs105","article-title":"ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"14","author":"McMurray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa051","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000001064","article-title":"The heart matters: A review of incidental cardiac uptake on Ga-68 DOTA peptide PET-CT scans","volume":"40","author":"Moyade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a059767","article-title":"Phenotyping of macrophages with monoclonal antibodies in endomyocardial biopsies as a new approach to diagnosis of myocarditis","volume":"11","author":"Mues","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05609-4","article-title":"(68)Ga-DOTATOC digital-PET imaging of inflammatory cell infiltrates in myocarditis following COVID-19 vaccination","volume":"49","author":"Boursier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-022-03090-6","article-title":"Detection of acute myocarditis by ECG-triggered PET imaging of somatostatin receptors compared to cardiac magnetic resonance: Preliminary results","volume":"30","author":"Boursier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003594","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003594","article-title":"(68)Ga-DOTATOC PET\/CT to detect immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis","volume":"9","author":"Boughdad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.267219","article-title":"Factors Associated with Myocardial Uptake on Oncologic Somatostatin PET Investigations and Differentiation from Myocardial Uptake of Acute Myocarditis","volume":"65","author":"Larive","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000004767","article-title":"Displays of 18 F-FAPI PET\/CT in Myocarditis With Variable Symptom Durations","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahandideh, A., Stahle, M., Virta, J., Li, X.G., Liljenback, H., Moisio, O., Knuuti, J., Roivainen, A., and Saraste, A. (2021). Evaluation of [(68)Ga]Ga-NODAGA-RGD for PET Imaging of Rat Autoimmune Myocarditis. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.783596"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.15712","article-title":"Noninvasive Imaging of Myocardial Inflammation in Myocarditis using (68)Ga-tagged Mannosylated Human Serum Albumin Positron Emission Tomography","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1159\/000444206","article-title":"The Prevalence and Management of Systemic Amyloidosis in Western Countries","volume":"2","author":"Nienhuis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Dis (Basel)"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s30","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-2-s30","article-title":"Cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"18","author":"Hawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.06.023","article-title":"Myocardial Amyloidosis: The Exemplar Interstitial Disease","volume":"12","author":"Fontana","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e476","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000005380","article-title":"99mTc-PYP and 68Ga-FAPI PET\/CT Images of Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis With Cardiac Involvement","volume":"49","author":"Kibar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.211951","article-title":"(68)Ga FAPI PET\/MRI in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"303","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2022.06.004","article-title":"Feasibility of (68)Ga-Labeled Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor PET\/CT in Light-Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2024.10.001","article-title":"Molecular Stratification of Light-Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis With (18)F-Florbetapir and (68)Ga-FAPI-04 for Enhanced Prognostic Precision","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jeac242","article-title":"Emerging molecular imaging targets and tools for myocardial fibrosis detection","volume":"24","author":"Barton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05994-4","article-title":"(68)Ga-FAPI PET visualize heart failure: From mechanism to clinic","volume":"50","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00075","article-title":"Visualization of Activated Fibroblasts in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction with [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET\/CT Imaging","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-020-02315-w","article-title":"Cardiac fibroblast activation in dilated cardiomyopathy detected by positron emission tomography","volume":"29","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3596","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-021-02646-2","article-title":"Diffuse uptake of [(68)Ga]Ga-FAPI in the left heart in a patient with hypertensive heart disease by PET\/CT","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06878-5","article-title":"Enhanced detection of damaged myocardium and risk stratification in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using integrated [(68)Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET\/CMR imaging","volume":"52","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-023-06411-0","article-title":"Functional significance of myocardial activity at (18)F-FAPI PET\/CT in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy identified by cardiac magnetic resonance feature-tracking strain analysis","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e221052","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.221052","article-title":"Myocardial Activity at (18)F-FAPI PET\/CT and Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"306","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ytae189","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytae189","article-title":"Tissue-level evidence of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor imaging in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: A case series","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-023-00986-3","article-title":"Molecular imaging of fibroblast activation in multiple non-ischemic cardiomyopathies","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-020-02407-7","article-title":"(68)Ga-FAPI right heart uptake in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-020-02517-2","article-title":"Comparison of (68)Ga-FAPI imaging and cardiac magnetic resonance in detection of myocardial fibrosis in a patient with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05577-9","article-title":"Imaging of cardiac fibroblast activation in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-022-02952-3","article-title":"(68)Ga-FAPI PET\/CT for molecular assessment of fibroblast activation in right heart in pulmonary arterial hypertension: A single-center, pilot study","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz736","article-title":"Cardiac fibroblast activation detected by positron emission tomography\/computed tomography as a possible sign of cardiotoxicity","volume":"41","author":"Totzeck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010628","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.120.010628","article-title":"Relationship Between Cardiac Fibroblast Activation Protein Activity by Positron Emission Tomography and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"13","author":"Heckmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06673-2","article-title":"Early detection of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity using [(68) Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 imaging","volume":"51","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-022-05962-y","article-title":"Early detection of radiation-induced myocardial damage by [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-FAPI-04 PET\/CT imaging","volume":"50","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/3\/387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:49:34Z","timestamp":1760028574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/3\/387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18030387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18030387","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]}}}