{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:04:54Z","timestamp":1790827494515,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia","award":["KFU250939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU250939"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The low solubility and poor skin permeability of sulfasalazine (SLZ) present significant challenges for its effective topical delivery. The objective of the current investigation is to formulate a hydrogel-based SLZ-loaded cyclodextrin nanosponge for topical therapy in psoriasis. Methods: SLZ-loaded nanosponges were prepared by the melt polymerization method and evaluated for physiochemical characteristics, drug release, and cytocompatibility. The selected nanosponges (SLZ-NS4) were transformed to hydrogel and further evaluated for rheology, texture, safety, skin permeability, and in vivo for anti-psoriatic effect in mouse tail and imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation models in mice. Results: Physiochemical data confirms nanoscale architecture, drug inclusion in nanosponges, crystalline structure, and formulation stability. The release profile of SLZ-NS4 revealed sustained release behavior (22.98 \u00b1 2.24% in 3 h). Cytotoxicity assays indicated negligible toxicity against THP1 cells, resulting in higher viability of cells than pure SLZ (p &lt; 0.05). The HET-CAM assay confirmed the safety, while confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated deeper skin permeation of SLZ. In the mouse tail model, a remarkable decline in relative epidermal thickness, potential improvement in percent orthokeratosis, and drug activity with respect to control was observed in animals treated with SLZ-NS4 hydrogel. The efficiency of the developed SLZ-NS4-loaded hydrogel in treating psoriasis was confirmed by the decline in PASI score (81.68 \u00b1 3.61 and 84.86 \u00b1 5.74 with 1 and 2% w\/v of SLZ-NS-HG). Histopathological analysis and assessment of oxidative stress markers revealed the profound anti-psoriatic potential of the fabricated SLZ-NS4 hydrogel. Conclusions: These findings highlight the profound potential of the developed delivery system as an effective topical therapy for psoriasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T12:02:59Z","timestamp":1741608179000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Development and Evaluation of Hydrogel-Based Sulfasalazine-Loaded Nanosponges for Enhanced Topical Psoriasis Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4466-3215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India"},{"name":"Atam Institute of Pharmacy, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2850-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anroop B.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4328-9118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varsha","family":"Kadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Sushant University, Gurugram 122003, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1077-6817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pooja","family":"Dalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babu Lal","family":"Jangir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar 125004, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2684-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bandar","family":"Aldhubiab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5433-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashed M.","family":"Almuqbil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-7265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Alnaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2653-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nouf","family":"Alwadei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rekha","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.156","article-title":"Understanding the prospective of nano-formulations towards the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"107","author":"Pradhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. 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