{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T13:50:00Z","timestamp":1767966600948,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"L\u2019Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3d\u2019Ajuts Universitarisi de Recerca","award":["grant number [SGR-2017 1744]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant number [SGR-2017 1744]"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by a protozoan parasite of Leishmania. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro efficacy and toxicity of a previously developed amphotericin gel as a possible treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods: First, quality control of the AmB-gel was carried out, including microbiological stability. The permeated and retained drug was tested on healthy and lacerated human skin. Tolerance to the AmB-gel was tested in vitro using HaCaT, RAW 264.7, and J774 cell lines and by an irritation test (HET-CAM). Promastigotes and amastigotes of various Leishmania species were tested, and the microscopic morphology of promastigotes exposed to the formulation was analyzed. Computational analysis was performed on the drug, polymer, and ergosterol in the promastigote. Results: The AmB-gel presented appropriate characteristics for topical use, including no microbial contamination after storage. The amount of drug retained on the intact and injured skin was 1180.00 \u00b1 13.54 \u00b5g\/g\/cm2 and 750.18 \u00b1 5.43 \u00b5g\/g\/cm2, respectively. The AmB-gel did not cause significant signs of toxicity. The IC50 of the AmB-gel for promastigotes was less than 1 \u00b5g\/mL for the four species examined, i.e., Leishmania infantum, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, and Leishmania braziliensis, and less than 2 \u00b5g\/mL for amastigotes of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica. The AmB-gel caused notable effects on the surface of promastigotes. Computational analysis revealed primarily hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions between AmB and Pluronic\u00ae F127 and ergosterol. Conclusions: Based on the drug retention content and IC50 values observed for both parasite stages, the AmB-gel may be a promising candidate for in vivo studies in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T07:20:00Z","timestamp":1742282400000},"page":"427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro Efficacy and Toxicity Assessment of an Amphotericin B Gel for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8148-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian","family":"Sosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Research Institute (IIM), Faculty of Sciences, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Technology Research Group, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1486-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lupe Carolina","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador"},{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 645, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9906-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelle","family":"Silva-Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 645, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 645, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3136-4419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximena","family":"Jaramillo-Fierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Berenguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health, and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 645, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3522-5598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Riera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Biology, Health, and Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 645, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9012-0008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Rinc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 645, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 645, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4989-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Calpena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Nanoci\u00e8ncia i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 645, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Departament de Farm\u00e0cia i Tecnologia Farmac\u00e8utica, i Fisicoqu\u00edmica, Facultat de Farm\u00e0cia i Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Alimentaci\u00f3, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Av. Diagonal 645, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, Y., Gunathilaka, N., and Amarasinghe, D. (2025). A comprehensive review of biological and genetic control approaches for leishmaniasis vector sand flies; emphasis towards promoting tools for integrated vector management. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012795"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hct116","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: Clinical syndromes and treatment","volume":"107","author":"McGwire","year":"2013","journal-title":"QJM Int. J. 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