{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:15:00Z","timestamp":1789708500585,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":407,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"the German Research Society (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["465229237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465229237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"the German Research Society (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["915477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["915477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["465229237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465229237"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["915477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["915477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Federal Provinces of Lower Austria and Tirol","award":["465229237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465229237"]}]},{"name":"Federal Provinces of Lower Austria and Tirol","award":["915477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["915477"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rising prevalence of fungal infections, especially those caused by Candida species, presents a major risk to global health. With approximately 1.5 million deaths annually, the urgency for effective treatment options has never been greater. Candida spp. are the leading cause of invasive infections, significantly impacting immunocompromised patients and those in healthcare settings. C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and the emerging species C. auris are categorized as highly dangerous species because of their pathogenic potential and increasing drug resistance. This review comparatively describes the formation of microbial biofilms of both bacterial and fungal origin, including major pathogens, thereby creating a novel focus. Biofilms can further complicate treatment, as these structures provide enhanced resistance to antifungal therapies. Traditional antifungal agents, including polyenes, azoles and echinocandins, have shown effectiveness, yet resistance development continues to rise, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as the anti-biofilm peptides Pom-1 and Cm-p5 originally isolated from snails represent promising candidates due to their unique mechanisms of action and neglectable cytotoxicity. This review article discusses the challenges posed by Candida infections, the characteristics of important species, the role of biofilms in virulence and the potential of new therapeutic options like AMPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040460","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T08:42:35Z","timestamp":1742892155000},"page":"460","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Biofilm-Associated Candidiasis: Pathogenesis, Prevalence, Challenges and Therapeutic Options"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Valerie","family":"Amann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7164-0166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Kissmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7547-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Firacative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Studies in Translational Microbiology and Emerging Diseases (MICROS) Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9297-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Rosenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165rv13","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404","article-title":"Hidden killers: Human fungal infections","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2022). WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action, WHO."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e969","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00203-8","article-title":"The gut mycobiome in health, disease, and clinical applications in association with the gut bacterial microbiome assembly","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1086\/651263","article-title":"Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001\u20132006: Overview of the transplant-associated infection surveillance network (TRANSNET) database","volume":"50","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2009.06.009","article-title":"Fungal adaptation to the host environment","volume":"12","author":"Hube","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"2341","article-title":"Candidiasis","volume":"66","author":"Imamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nihon Rinsho."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir842","article-title":"Systemic antibiotic therapy for chronic osteomyelitis in adults","volume":"54","author":"Spellberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S40160","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis","volume":"10","author":"Yapar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musuuza, J.S., Watson, L., Parmasad, V., Putman-Bueler, N., Christensen, L., and Safdar, N. (2021). Prevalence and outcomes of co-infection and superinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251170"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O50","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12312","article-title":"A prospective, cohort, multicentre study of candidaemia in hospitalized adult patients with haematological malignancies","volume":"20","author":"Gamaletsou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1068","article-title":"The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: The SEIFEM-2004 study","volume":"91","author":"Pagano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mochon, A.B., Ye, J., Kayala, M.A., Wingard, J.R., Clancy, C.J., Nguyen, M.H., Felgner, P., Baldi, P., and Liu, H. (2010). Serological profiling of a Candida albicans protein microarray reveals permanent host-pathogen interplay and stage-specific responses during candidemia. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/eff399e1-51e0-43b1-bdf4-1a11e9ada9bd"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24507","article-title":"Candidemia in patients with hematologic malignancies in the era of new antifungal agents (2001\u20132007): Stable incidence but changing epidemiology of a still frequently lethal infection","volume":"115","author":"Sipsas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.1.5.12796","article-title":"Candida infection and colonization among trauma patients","volume":"1","author":"Manolakaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22913","article-title":"Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Mayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701218689","article-title":"Nosocomial fungal infections: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"45","author":"Perlroth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1315399","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume":"373","author":"Kullberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06240-x","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis in critical care: Challenges and future directions","volume":"46","author":"Logan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongomin, F., Gago, S., Oladele, R.O., and Denning, D.W. (2017). Global and multi-national prevalence of fungal diseases-estimate precision. J. Fungi, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040057"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180422203723","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526522666220418093450","article-title":"Prevalence, Presentation and Outcome of Secondary Bloodstream Infections among COVID-19 Patients","volume":"22","author":"Samantaray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.08.002","article-title":"Nosocomial Fungal Infections: Epidemiology, Infection Control, and Prevention","volume":"35","author":"Suleyman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2013.09.005","article-title":"Nosocomial bloodstream infections due to Candida spp. in the USA: Species distribution, clinical features and antifungal susceptibilities","volume":"43","author":"Wisplinghoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1086\/380637","article-title":"Epidemiology of candidemia in Swiss tertiary care hospitals: Secular trends, 1991\u20132000","volume":"38","author":"Marchetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60917-9","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidosis","volume":"369","author":"Sobel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0981-7_11","article-title":"Treatment of neonatal fungal infections","volume":"659","author":"Moran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2024.08.006","article-title":"Invasive fungal disease in the immunocompromised host: Changing epidemiology, new antifungal therapies, and management challenges","volume":"31","author":"Giannella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12039","article-title":"ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Non-neutropenic adult patients","volume":"18","author":"Cornely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00355-19","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00355-19","article-title":"The Microbiology of Bloodstream Infection: 20-Year Trends from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program","volume":"63","author":"Diekema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1732","article-title":"Overview of the changing epidemiology of candidemia","volume":"25","author":"Lewis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e31802ed1ab","article-title":"Healthcare-associated fungal infections: Beyond Candida and Aspergillus","volume":"100","author":"Diekema","year":"2007","journal-title":"South Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-011-1064-7","article-title":"Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/02681218880000391","article-title":"Candida concentrations in the vagina and their association with signs and symptoms of vaginal candidosis","volume":"26","author":"Odds","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Med. Vet. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.05.008","article-title":"The distinct morphogenic states of Candida albicans","volume":"12","author":"Sudbery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.176.3.756-763.1994","article-title":"Induced chromosome rearrangements and morphologic variation in Candida albicans","volume":"176","author":"Barton","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10408418709104444","article-title":"Candida infections: An overview","volume":"15","author":"Odds","year":"1987","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-06","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: A persistent public health problem","volume":"20","author":"Pfaller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","article-title":"Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease","volume":"24","author":"Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1748930","article-title":"The regulation of hyphae growth in Candida albicans","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(02)00343-0","article-title":"Host-microbe interactions: Fungi invasive human fungal opportunistic infections","volume":"5","author":"Calderone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2009.01694.x","article-title":"Effect of substrate surface hydrophobicity on the adherence of yeast and hyphal Candida","volume":"53","author":"Yoshijima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2002.00206.x","article-title":"Adhesion in Candida spp","volume":"4","author":"Sundstrom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00e4chtler, B., Wilson, D., Haedicke, K., Dalle, F., and Hube, B. (2011). From attachment to damage: Defined genes of Candida albicans mediate adhesion, invasion and damage during interaction with oral epithelial cells. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017046"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2004.00439.x","article-title":"Candida albicans proteinases and host\/pathogen interactions","volume":"6","author":"Naglik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2005.01165.x","article-title":"Hydrolytic enzymes as virulence factors of Candida albicans","volume":"48","author":"Schaller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1356(03)00205-8","article-title":"Expression analysis of the Candida albicans lipase gene family during experimental infections and in patient samples","volume":"4","author":"Stehr","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2014.08.011","article-title":"Invasive Candida infections in surgical patients in intensive care units: A prospective, multicentre survey initiated by the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) (2006\u20132008)","volume":"21","author":"Klingspor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-014-3404-7","article-title":"Resistance of Candida spp. to antifungal drugs in the ICU: Where are we now?","volume":"40","author":"Maubon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.007","article-title":"Candidemia and invasive candidiasis","volume":"35","author":"McCarty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1928.s1-8.507","article-title":"Certain conditions of the gastrointestinal tract in Puerto Rico and their relation to tropical sprue","volume":"8","author":"Ashford","year":"1928","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3109\/10408410903213393","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis: A review of its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, typing and antimicrobial susceptibility","volume":"35","author":"Clemons","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D592","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw924","article-title":"The Candida Genome Database (CGD): Incorporation of Assembly 22, systematic identifiers and visualization of high throughput sequencing data","volume":"45","author":"Skrzypek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27739-0","article-title":"Phenotype switching affects biofilm formation by Candida parapsilosis","volume":"151","author":"Laffey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2004.06.033","article-title":"High frequency of Candida parapsilosis on the hands of healthy hosts","volume":"59","author":"Bonassoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavalheiro, M., and Teixeira, M.C. (2018). Candida Biofilms: Threats, Challenges, and Promising Strategies. Front. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00028"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemeth, T., Toth, A., Szenzenstein, J., Horvath, P., Nosanchuk, J.D., Grozer, Z., Toth, R., Papp, C., Hamari, Z., and Vagvolgyi, C. (2013). Characterization of virulence properties in the C. parapsilosis sensu lato species. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068704"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00013-08","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis, an emerging fungal pathogen","volume":"21","author":"Trofa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.02.009","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility patterns of a global collection of fungal isolates: Results of the SENTRY antifungal surveillance program (2013)","volume":"85","author":"Castanheira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01398-10","article-title":"Geographic variations in species distribution and echinocandin and azole antifungal resistance rates among Candida bloodstream infection isolates: Report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (2008 to 2009)","volume":"49","author":"Pfaller","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2006.00117.x","article-title":"Candida biofilms on implanted biomaterials: A clinically significant problem","volume":"6","author":"Ramage","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.48","article-title":"Candida species: New insights into biofilm formation","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182863a1c","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis is a Significant Neonatal Pathogen: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Pammi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x","article-title":"Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital","volume":"53","author":"Satoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, H., Bing, J., Hu, T., Ennis, C.L., Nobile, C.J., and Huang, G. (2020). Candida auris: Epidemiology, biology, antifungal resistance, and virulence. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008921"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1910.130393","article-title":"New clonal strain of Candida auris, Delhi, India","volume":"19","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00319-11","article-title":"First three reported cases of nosocomial fungemia caused by Candida auris","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2007.131765","article-title":"Candida auris\u2013associated candidemia, South Africa","volume":"20","author":"Magobo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw691","article-title":"Simultaneous emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida auris on 3 continents confirmed by whole-genome sequencing and epidemiological analyses","volume":"64","author":"Lockhart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhary, A., Sharma, C., and Meis, J.F. (2017). Candida auris: A rapidly emerging cause of hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant fungal infections globally. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006290"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw696","article-title":"Emergence of Candida auris: An international call to arms","volume":"64","author":"Clancy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myw147","article-title":"Isolates of the emerging pathogen Candida auris present in the UK have several geographic origins","volume":"55","author":"Borman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.07.008","article-title":"First report of Candida auris in America: Clinical and microbiological aspects of 18 episodes of candidemia","volume":"73","author":"Calvo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-2027-1","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant endemic clonal strain of Candida auris in India","volume":"33","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.150270","article-title":"Candida auris candidemia in Kuwait, 2014","volume":"21","author":"Emara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12647","article-title":"The first cases of Candida auris candidaemia in Oman","volume":"60","author":"Mohsin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2301.161497","article-title":"Invasive infections with multidrug-resistant yeast Candida auris, Colombia","volume":"23","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2016.11.002","article-title":"Nosocomial fungemia by Candida auris: First four reported cases in continental Europe","volume":"34","author":"Moret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam Micol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-016-0132-5","article-title":"First hospital outbreak of the globally emerging Candida auris in a European hospital","volume":"5","author":"Schelenz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14121","article-title":"Investigation of the first seven reported cases of Candida auris, a globally emerging invasive, multidrug-resistant fungus\u2014United States, May 2013\u2013August 2016","volume":"17","author":"Vallabhaneni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00029-17","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-17","article-title":"Candida auris: A review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Taori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01588-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01588-17","article-title":"Candida auris: An emerging fungal pathogen","volume":"56","author":"Spivak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alanio, A., Snell, H.M., Cordier, C., Desnos-Olivier, M., Delli\u00e8re, S., Aissaoui, N., Sturny-Lecl\u00e8re, A., Da Silva, E., Ebl\u00e9, C., and Rouveau, M. (2022). First patient-to-patient intrahospital transmission of clade I Candida auris in France revealed after a two-month incubation period. Microbiol. Spectr., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01833-22"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.12.002","article-title":"Murine model of colonization with fungal pathogen Candida auris to explore skin tropism, host risk factors and therapeutic strategies","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6901a2","article-title":"Candida auris isolates resistant to three classes of antifungal medications\u2014New York, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Ostrowsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kordalewska, M., and Perlin, D.S. (2019). Identification of drug resistant Candida auris. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01918"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, N.A., Munoz, J.F., Gade, L., Berkow, E.L., Li, X., Welsh, R.M., Forsberg, K., Lockhart, S.R., Adam, R., and Alanio, A. (2020). Tracing the evolutionary history and global expansion of Candida auris using population genomic analyses. mBio, 11.","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03364-19"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy411","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Candida auris in Colombia reveals a highly related, countrywide colonization with regional patterns in amphotericin B resistance","volume":"68","author":"Escandon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx034","article-title":"Candida auris candidaemia in Indian ICUs: Analysis of risk factors","volume":"72","author":"Rudramurthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00367-15","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Candida auris misidentified as Candida haemulonii: Characterization by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and DNA sequencing and its antifungal susceptibility profile variability by VITEK 2, CLSI broth microdilution, and Etest method","volume":"53","author":"Kathuria","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"e00151","article-title":"Pseudohyphal growth of the emerging pathogen Candida auris is triggered by genotoxic stress through the S phase checkpoint","volume":"5","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27545-5","article-title":"Forward and reverse genetic dissection of morphogenesis identifies filament-competent Candida auris strains","volume":"12","author":"Santana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0187-x","article-title":"Filamentation in Candida auris, an emerging fungal pathogen of humans: Passage through the mammalian body induces a heritable phenotypic switch","volume":"7","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa049","article-title":"CHROMagarTM Candida Plus: A novel chromogenic agar that permits the rapid identification of Candida auris","volume":"59","author":"Borman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"myac062","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myac062","article-title":"Candida auris and some Candida parapsilosis strains exhibit similar characteristics on CHROMagarTM Candida Plus","volume":"60","author":"Sasoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00189","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00189-16","article-title":"Comparative pathogenicity of United Kingdom isolates of the emerging pathogen Candida auris and other key pathogenic Candida species","volume":"1","author":"Borman","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.0c00282","article-title":"Discovery of the diploid form of the emerging fungal pathogen Candida auris","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, S., Alampalli, S.V., Nageshan, R.K., Chettiar, S.T., Joshi, S., and Tatu, U.S. (2015). Draft genome of a commonly misdiagnosed multidrug resistant pathogen Candida auris. BMC Genomics, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1863-z"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4582","article-title":"Itraconazole-resistant Candida auris with phospholipase, proteinase and hemolysin activity from a case of vulvovaginitis","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02396-16","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02396-16","article-title":"The emerging pathogen Candida auris: Growth phenotype, virulence factors, activity of antifungals, and effect of SCY-078, a novel glucan synthesis inhibitor, on growth morphology and biofilm formation","volume":"61","author":"Larkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.161320","article-title":"Biofilm-forming capability of highly virulent, multidrug-resistant Candida auris","volume":"23","author":"Sherry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0178-86","article-title":"How bacteria stick","volume":"238","author":"Costerton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Characklis, W.G., and Marshall, K.C. (1990). Biofilms: A basis for an interdisciplinary approach. Biofilms, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"679","article-title":"A morphological study of experimental staphylococcal endocarditis and aortitis. II. Interrelationship of bacteria, vegetation and cardiovasculature in established infections","volume":"67","author":"Ferguson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37247-6","article-title":"Coagulase-negative staphylococcus in chronic prostatitis","volume":"147","author":"Nickel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.2.400","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of indwelling vascular catheters: A quantitative relationship between luminal colonization and duration of placement","volume":"168","author":"Raad","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s100960050150","article-title":"Studies on the formation of crystalline bacterial biofilms on urethral catheters","volume":"17","author":"Stickler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.49","article-title":"Biofilm formation as microbial development","volume":"54","author":"Kaplan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02213.x","article-title":"Interactions of Candida albicans with other Candida spp. and bacteria in the biofilms","volume":"96","author":"Starks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanning, S., and Mitchell, A.P. (2012). Fungal biofilms. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002585"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5409.1837","article-title":"Forging a link between biofilms and disease","volume":"283","author":"Potera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghannoum, M., and O\u2019Toole, G. (2004). Biofilms and implant infections. Microbial Biofilms, ASM Press.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817718"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705","article-title":"Biofilms as complex differentiated communities","volume":"56","author":"Stoodley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"11348","article-title":"Molecular testing with next-generation sequencing appears to identify biofilm on penile prostheses better than traditional cultures: The new gold standard?","volume":"29","author":"Chung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13845","article-title":"Development of a Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of Pseudomonas fluorescens with Biofilm Formation Ability","volume":"82","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1313372","article-title":"Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: A focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action","volume":"9","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, A., Condinho, M., Carvalho, B., Arraiano, C.M., Pobre, V., and Pinto, S.N. (2021). The two weapons against bacterial biofilms: Detection and treatment. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121482"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2019.10.009","article-title":"Sensing the unreachable: Challenges and opportunities in biofilm detection","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_256_20","article-title":"Detection and Categorization of Biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus, Viridans streptococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli Isolated from Complete Denture Patients and Visualization Using Scanning Electron Microscopy","volume":"10","author":"Leoney","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927612001067","article-title":"Detection of biofilm-grown Aspergillus fumigatus by means of atomic force spectroscopy: Ultrastructural effects of alginate lyase","volume":"18","author":"Papi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1080\/17460913.2024.2350285","article-title":"Real-time biofilm detection techniques: Advances and applications","volume":"19","author":"Kulshrestha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509359403","article-title":"Biofilm Dispersal: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Potential Therapeutic Uses","volume":"89","author":"Kaplan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Short, B., Delaney, C., McKloud, E., Brown, J.L., Kean, R., Litherland, G.J., Williams, C., Martin, S.L., MacKay, W.G., and Ramage, G. (2021). Investigating the Transcriptome of Candida albicans in a Dual-Species Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Model. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.791523"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2018.02.010","article-title":"A quest to find good primers for gene expression analysis of Candida albicans from clinical samples","volume":"147","author":"Alonso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fragkioudakis, I., Konstantopoulos, G., Kottaridi, C., Doufexi, A.E., and Sakellari, D. (2024). Quantitative assessment of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in peri-implant health and disease: Correlation with clinical parameters. J. Med. Microbiol., 73.","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.001933"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"31","article-title":"Analytical techniques to study microbial biofilm on abiotic surfaces: Pros and cons of the main techniques currently in use","volume":"25","author":"Pantanella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Ig."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.22.6.996-1006.1985","article-title":"Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: A quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices","volume":"22","author":"Christensen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(00)00122-6","article-title":"A modified microtiter-plate test for quantification of staphylococcal biofilm formation","volume":"40","author":"Stepanovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"249","article-title":"A new colorimetric microtitre model for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"46","author":"Maes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.03.014","article-title":"Comparison of three assays for the quantification of Candida biomass in suspension and CDC reactor grown biofilms","volume":"63","author":"Honraet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0792-3","article-title":"Comparison of different live\/dead stainings for detection and quantification of adherent microorganisms in the initial oral biofilm","volume":"17","author":"Tawakoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(99)00048-2","article-title":"LIVE\/DEAD BacLight: Application of a new rapid staining method for direct enumeration of viable and total bacteria in drinking water","volume":"37","author":"Boulos","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-004-6987-7","article-title":"The use of new probes and stains for improved assessment of cell viability and extracellular polymeric substances in Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"159","author":"Jin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.94861","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida tropicalis biofilms against fluconazole using calorimetric indicator resazurin","volume":"55","author":"Punithavathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-1879-x","article-title":"Fluorescent assay based on resazurin for detection of activity of disinfectants against bacterial biofilm","volume":"82","author":"Mariscal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2012.49","article-title":"Combining biofilm matrix measurements with biomass and viability assays in susceptibility assessments of antimicrobials against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"65","author":"Skogman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2008.07.027","article-title":"BioTimer Assay, a new method for counting Staphylococcus spp. in biofilm without sample manipulation applied to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility of biofilm","volume":"75","author":"Pantanella","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Z., Thompson, A., Kashleva, H., and Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A. (2011). A quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for mature C. albicans biofilms. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-93"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2003.09.003","article-title":"Multiplex FISH analysis of a six-species bacterial biofilm","volume":"56","author":"Thurnheer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.184.4.1140-1154.2002","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa displays multiple phenotypes during development as a biofilm","volume":"184","author":"Sauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6558","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.20.6558-6567.1991","article-title":"Optical sectioning of microbial biofilms","volume":"173","author":"Lawrence","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800051256","article-title":"Incidence and nature of peritoneal catheter biofilm determined by electron and confocal laser scanning microscopy","volume":"112","author":"Gorman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8703","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02416-12","article-title":"Microscope-based imaging platform for large-scale analysis of oral biofilms","volume":"78","author":"Karygianni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-6225-y","article-title":"Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) revealing chemical variation during biofilm formation: From initial attachment to mature biofilm","volume":"404","author":"Chao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03413.x","article-title":"Confocal Raman microspectroscopy as a tool for studying the chemical heterogeneities of biofilms in situ","volume":"103","author":"Sandt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0663-3","article-title":"A new approach to non-destructive analysis of biofilms by confocal Raman microscopy","volume":"386","author":"Keuntje","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00956.x","article-title":"Combination of microscopic techniques reveals a comprehensive visual impression of biofilm structure and composition","volume":"65","author":"Alhede","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2011.02.003","article-title":"Subsurface examination of a foliar biofilm using scanning electron- and focused-ion-beam microscopy","volume":"42","author":"Wallace","year":"2011","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1021\/es0513638","article-title":"Speciation and quantitative mapping of metal species in microbial biofilms using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy","volume":"40","author":"Dynes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-4328(99)00106-7","article-title":"Application of atomic force microscopy to microbial surfaces: From reconstituted cell surface layers to living cells","volume":"32","year":"2001","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"1399","article-title":"Application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study bacterial biofilms","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2005.03.003","article-title":"Predation, death, and survival in a biofilm: Bdellovibrio investigated by atomic force microscopy","volume":"42","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11059","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.19.11059","article-title":"Molecular determinants of bacterial adhesion monitored by atomic force microscopy","volume":"95","author":"Razatos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pohl, C.H. (2022). Recent advances and opportunities in the study of Candida albicans polymicrobial biofilms. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.836379"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1843400","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms and polymicrobial interactions","volume":"47","author":"Ponde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13049","article-title":"Candida biofilm production is associated with higher mortality in patients with candidaemia","volume":"63","author":"Nagy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"603","article-title":"Candiduria in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and its clinical significance. Candida spp. antifungal susceptibility","volume":"46","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Inst. Mex. Seguro Soc."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cleveland, A.A., Harrison, L.H., Farley, M.M., Hollick, R., Stein, B., Chiller, T.M., Lockhart, S.R., and Park, B.J. (2015). Declining incidence of candidemia and the shifting epidemiology of Candida resistance in two US metropolitan areas, 2008\u20132013: Results from population-based surveillance. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120452"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e449","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa193","article-title":"Burden of candidemia in the United States. 2017","volume":"71","author":"Tsay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2004.09.002","article-title":"Candida biofilm resistance","volume":"7","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.10.003","article-title":"How to build a biofilm: A fungal perspective","volume":"9","author":"Blankenship","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uppuluri, P., Chaturvedi, A.K., Srinivasan, A., Banerjee, M., Ramasubramaniam, A.K., K\u00f6hler, J.R., Kadosh, D., and Lopez-Ribot, J.L. (2010). Dispersion as an important step in the Candida albicans biofilm developmental cycle. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000828"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taff, H.T., Nett, J.E., Zarnowski, R., Ross, K.M., Sanchez, H., Cain, M.T., Hamaker, J., Mitchell, A.P., and Andres, D.R. (2012). A Candida biofilm-induced pathway for matrix glucan delivery: Implications for drug resistance. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002848"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.3.915-921.1994","article-title":"Biofilm formation by Candida species on the surface of catheter materials in vitro","volume":"62","author":"Hawser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780802549594","article-title":"Biofilms of non-Candida albicans Candida species: Quantification, structure and matrix composition","volume":"47","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000100013","article-title":"Multi-species biofilm of Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans Candida species on acrylic substrate","volume":"20","author":"Pathak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.2174\/138945006776359458","article-title":"Biofilms and their role in the resistance of pathogenic Candida to antifungal agents","volume":"7","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MB-0020-2015","article-title":"Candida biofilms: Development, architecture, and resistance","volume":"3","author":"Chandra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2007.01424.x","article-title":"Biofilm lifestyle of Candida: A mini review","volume":"14","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1121003","article-title":"Virulence-related surface glycoproteins in the yeast pathogen Candida glabrata are encoded in subtelomeric clusters and subject to RAP-1 and SIRdependent transcriptional silencing","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamin, D.H., Husin, A., and Harun, A. (2021). Risk factors of Candida parapsilosis catheter-related bloodstream infection. Front. Public Health, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.631865"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2017.1354824","article-title":"Candidemia and invasive candidiasis among hospitalized neonates and pediatric patients","volume":"33","author":"Harrington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00037-06","article-title":"A biochemical guide to yeast adhesins: Glycoproteins for social and antisocial occasions","volume":"71","author":"Dranginis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microb. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27256-0","article-title":"Systematic identification in silico of covalently bound cell wall proteins and analysis of proteinpolysaccharide linkages of the human pathoge Candida glabrata","volume":"150","author":"Weig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atiencia-Carrera, M.B., Cabezas-Mera, F.S., Tejera, E., and Machado, A. (2022). Prevalence of biofilms in Candida spp. bloodstream infections: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263522"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, S., Rodrigues, C.F., Araujo, D., Rodrigues, M.E., and Henriques, M. (2017). Candida Species Biofilms\u2019 Antifungal Resistance. J. Fungi, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3010008"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.107","article-title":"Development and regulation of single-and multi-species Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"16","author":"Lohse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2001.00611.x","article-title":"Adhesion of Candida parapsilosis to epithelial and acrylic surfaces correlates with cell surface hydrophobicity","volume":"44","author":"Panagoda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S247944","article-title":"Current aspects in the biology, pathogeny, and treatment of Candida krusei, a neglected fungal pathogen","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"67","article-title":"Opportunistic pathogen Candida glabrata and the mechanisms of its resistance to antifungal drugs","volume":"59","author":"Berila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)00002-1","article-title":"Candida biofilms and their role in infection","volume":"11","author":"Douglas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.05.019","article-title":"Biofilm formation by five species of Candida on three clinical materials","volume":"86","author":"Estivill","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro821","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms: From the natural environment to infectious diseases","volume":"2","author":"Costerton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(02)00318-X","article-title":"Developmental regulation of microbial biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Stoodley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.413","article-title":"Oral microbial communities: Biofilms, interactions, and genetic systems","volume":"54","author":"Kolenbrander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2381","article-title":"Oral multispecies biofilm development and the key role of cell\u2013cell distance","volume":"8","author":"Kolenbrander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46569-0","article-title":"Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: Chemical composition and role in drug resistance","volume":"55","author":"Douglas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01569827","article-title":"Interactions of Candida albicans with bacteria and salivary molecules in oral biofilms","volume":"15","author":"Holmes","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghannoum, M., Parsek, M., Whiteley, M., and Mukherjee, P. (2015). Candida albicans biofilm development and its genetic control. Microbial Biofilms, ASM Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817466"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00161-06","article-title":"Alcohol dehydrogenase restricts the ability of the pathogen Candida albicans to form a biofilm on catheter surfaces through an ethanol-based mechanism","volume":"74","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)10050-8","article-title":"Candida biofilms and their susceptibility to antifungal agents","volume":"310","author":"Baillie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.1900","article-title":"Effect of growth rate on resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to antifungal agents","volume":"42","author":"Baillie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.8.2146","article-title":"Iron-limited biofilms of Candida albicans and their susceptibility to amphotericin B","volume":"42","author":"Baillie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.9.2128","article-title":"Resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to antifungal agents in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Hawser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01573956","article-title":"Increased resistance to antifungal antibiotics of Candida spp. adhered to silicone","volume":"14","author":"Kalya","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guinea, J., Arendrup, M.C., Canton, R., de la Pedrosa, E.G.G., Hare, R.K., Orden, B., Sanguinetti, M., Pem\u00e1n, J., Posteraro, B., and Ruiz-Gait\u00e1n, A. (2020). Genotyping reveals high clonal diversity and widespread genotypes of Candida causing candidemia at distant geographical areas. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00166"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramage, G., Rajendran, R., Sherry, L., and Williams, C. (2012). Fungal biofilm resistance. Int. J. Microbiol., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/528521"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01653-05","article-title":"Assessing resistance to the echinocandin antifungal drug caspofungin in Candida albicans by profiling mutations in FKS1","volume":"50","author":"Balashov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(02)00087-X","article-title":"The genetic basis of fluconazole resistance development in Candida albicans","volume":"1587","author":"Morschhauser","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345010800031101","article-title":"Antifungal resistance of candidal biofilms formed on denture acrylic in vitro","volume":"80","author":"Chandra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00045-10","article-title":"Regulatory circuitry governing fungal development, drug resistance, and disease","volume":"75","author":"Shapiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.6.2228-2230.2002","article-title":"In vitro activity of caspofungin (MK-0991) against Candida albicans clinical isolates displaying different mechanisms of azole resistance","volume":"40","author":"Bachmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.4.1148-1155.2006","article-title":"Overexpression of Candida albicans CDR1, CDR2, or MDR1 does not produce significant changes in echinocandin susceptibility","volume":"50","author":"Niimi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780701816557","article-title":"Characterization of caspofungin susceptibilities by broth and agar in Candida albicans clinical isolates with characterized mechanisms of azole resistance","volume":"46","author":"Silver","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1086\/599838","article-title":"Time course global gene expression analysis of an in vivo Candida biofilm","volume":"200","author":"Nett","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2475","article-title":"Genetic control of Candida albicans biofilm development","volume":"9","author":"Finkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.8.4333-4340.2003","article-title":"Mechanism of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans biofilms: Phase-specific role of efflux pumps and membrane sterols","volume":"71","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01237-06","article-title":"Role for cell density in antifungal drug resistance in Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"7","author":"Perumal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00541-08","article-title":"Cell density and cell aging as factors modulating antifungal resistance of Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"8","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5459-5463.2002","article-title":"Inhibition of Candida albicans biofilm formation by farnesol, a quorum-sensing molecule","volume":"68","author":"Ramage","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/46.3.397","article-title":"Matrix polymers of Candida biofilms and their possible resistance to antifungal agents","volume":"46","author":"Baillie","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01056-06","article-title":"Putative role of \u03b2-1,3 glucans in Candida albicans biofilm resistance","volume":"51","author":"Nett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1086\/651200","article-title":"Genetic basis of Candida biofilm resistance due to drug-sequestering matrix glucan","volume":"202","author":"Nett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01638-09","article-title":"Interaction of Candida albicans biofilms with antifungals: Transcriptional response and binding of antifungals to \u03b2-glucans","volume":"54","author":"Vediyappan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00227-10","article-title":"Role of Fks1p and matrix glucan in Candida albicans biofilm resistance to an echinocandin, pyrimidine, and polyene","volume":"54","author":"Nett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00684-06","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms produce antifungal-tolerant persister cells","volume":"50","author":"LaFleur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_217","first-page":"107","article-title":"Multidrug tolerance of biofilms and persister cells","volume":"332","author":"Lewis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.1.1.8-0","article-title":"Molecular organization of the cell wall of Candida albicans","volume":"39","author":"Klis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1815","article-title":"An integrated model of the recognition of Candida albicans by the innate immune system","volume":"6","author":"Netea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3109\/13693780903164566","article-title":"High efficiency opsonin-independent phagocytosis of Candida parapsilosis by human neutrophils","volume":"48","author":"Linden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442414","article-title":"Phagocyte-mediated killing of Candida tropicalis","volume":"113","author":"Lindemann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05619.x","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments neutrophil killing of Torulopsis glabrata and stimulates neutrophil respiratory burst and degranulation","volume":"83","author":"Kowanko","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01975039","article-title":"Contribution of granulocytes and monocytes to resistance against experimental disseminated Candida albicans infection","volume":"7","author":"Linde","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04557.x","article-title":"Granulocytes govern the transcriptional response, morphology and proliferation of Candida albicans in human blood","volume":"56","author":"Fradin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kernien, J.F., Snarr, B.D., Sheppard, D.C., and Nett, J.E. (2018). The Interface between Fungal Biofilms and Innate Immunity. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01968"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannan, M., Nabeela, S., Mishra, R., and Uppuluri, P. (2024). Host immune response against fungal biofilms. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 81.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2024.102520"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alonso, M.F., Gow, N.A.R., Erwig, L.P., and Bain, J.M. (2017). Macrophage Migration Is Impaired within Candida albicans Biofilms. J. Fungi, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3030031"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, C.J., Cabezas-Olcoz, J., Kernien, J.F., Wang, S.X., Beebe, D.J., Huttenlocher, A., Ansari, H., and Nett, J.E. (2016). The Extracellular Matrix of Candida albicans Biofilms Impairs Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005884"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01841-06","article-title":"Interaction of Candida albicans with adherent human peripheral blood mononuclear cells increases C. albicans biofilm formation and results in differential expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"75","author":"Chandra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, J., and Nobile, C.J. (2023). Antifungal drug-resistance mechanisms in Candida biofilms. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 71.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102237"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelletier, C., Shaw, S., Alsayegh, S., Brown, A.J.P., and Lorenz, A. (2024). Candida auris undergoes adhesin-dependent and -independent cellular aggregation. PLoS Pathog., 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012076"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200185","article-title":"Differential interaction of the two related fungal species Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis with human neutrophils","volume":"189","author":"Svobodova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.3.5.1076-1087.2004","article-title":"Transcriptional response of Candida albicans upon internalization by macrophages","volume":"3","author":"Lorenz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, L.E., Bain, J.M., Lowes, C., Gillespie, C., Rudkin, F.M., Gow, N.A.R., and Erwig, L.P. (2012). Stage specific assessment of Candida albicans phagocytosis by macrophages identifies cell wall composition and morphogenesis as key determinants. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002578"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00055-11","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00055-11","article-title":"The fungal pathogen Candida albicans autoinduces hyphal morphogenesis by raising extracellular pH","volume":"2","author":"Vylkova","year":"2011","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01452-08","article-title":"Arginine-induced germ tube formation in Candida albicans is essential for escape from murine macrophage line RAW 264.7","volume":"77","author":"Ghosh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7628","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611195104","article-title":"A family of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked aspartyl proteases is required for virulence of Candida glabrata","volume":"104","author":"Kaur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1313-6","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of invasive candidiasis in the ICU: An updated approach to an old enemy","volume":"20","author":"Calandra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, D.L., Chen, X., Zhu, C.-G., Li, Z.W., and Guo, X.-G. (2019). Pooled analysis of T2 Candida for rapid diagnosis of candidiasis. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4419-z"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1095","article-title":"Detecting infections rapidly and easily for candidemia trial, part 2 (DIRECT2): A prospective, multicenter study of the T2 Candida panel","volume":"66","author":"Clancy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myt025","article-title":"Potential role of Candida albicans germ tube antibody in the diagnosis of deep-seated candidemia","volume":"52","author":"Munoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01909-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01909-17","article-title":"Diagnosing invasive candidiasis","volume":"56","author":"Clancy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-016-2658-0","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis: From mycobiome to infection, therapy, and prevention","volume":"35","author":"Lagunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12038","article-title":"ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Diagnostic procedures","volume":"18","author":"Verweij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit006","article-title":"Finding the \u2018missing 50%\u2019 of invasive candidiasis: How nonculture diagnostics will improve understanding of disease spectrum and transform patient care","volume":"56","author":"Clancy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.017","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of Candida albicans germ tube antibody for invasive candidiasis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camp, I., Spettel, K., and Willinger, B. (2020). Molecular methods for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6030101"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18026","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.26","article-title":"Invasive candidiasis","volume":"4","author":"Pappas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R222","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9365","article-title":"The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: Recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia","volume":"14","author":"Mikulska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab080","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab080","article-title":"Performance of repeated measures of (1-3)-beta-D-glucan, mannan antigen, and antimannan antibodies for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in ICU patients: A preplanned ancillary analysis of the EMPIRICUS randomized clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Dupuis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.46","article-title":"The antifungal pipeline: A reality check","volume":"16","author":"Perfect","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2021.03.003","article-title":"Resistance to Antifungal Drugs","volume":"35","author":"Kontoyiannis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carolus, H., Pierson, S., Lagrou, K., and Van Dijck, P. (2020). Amphotericin B and Other Polyenes-Discovery, Clinical Use, Mode of Action and Drug Resistance. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040321"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2000.12.6.463","article-title":"Amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity: A review","volume":"12","author":"Fanos","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S260","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz076","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety and Efficacy of Liposomal Amphotericin B","volume":"68","author":"Groll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamin, D., Akanmu, M.H., Al Mutair, A., Alhumaid, S., Rabaan, A.A., and Hajissa, K. (2022). Global Prevalence of Antifungal-Resistant Candida parapsilosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7080188"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx480","article-title":"A multicentre study of antifungal susceptibility patterns among 350 Candida auris isolates (2009-17) in India: Role of the ERG11 and FKS1 genes in azole and echinocandin resistance","volume":"73","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis021","article-title":"Impact of treatment strategy on outcomes in patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: A patient-level quantitative review of randomized trials","volume":"54","author":"Andes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reboli, A.C., Shorr, A.F., Rotstein, C., Pappas, P.G., Kett, D.H., Schlamm, H.T., Reisman, A.L., Biswas, P., and Walsh, T.J. (2011). Anidulafungin compared with fluconazole for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis caused by Candida albicans: A multivariate analysis of factors associated with improved outcome. BMC Infect. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-261"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1086\/520980","article-title":"Micafungin versus caspofungin for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis","volume":"45","author":"Pappas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy827","article-title":"Isavuconazole versus caspofungin in the treatment of candidemia and other invasive Candida infections: The ACTIVE trial","volume":"68","author":"Kullberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13290","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of amphotericin B, azoles and echinocandins in the treatment of candidemia and invasive candidiasis: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"64","author":"Demir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14472-8","article-title":"Echinocandin antifungal drugs","volume":"362","author":"Denning","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2165\/11585270-000000000-00000","article-title":"Echinocandin Antifungal Drugs in Fungal Infections","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1R020","article-title":"Echinocandin Resistance in Candida Species: Mechanisms of Reduced Susceptibility and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"46","author":"Beyda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.19","article-title":"Current perspectives on echinocandin class drugs","volume":"6","author":"Perlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.10.3149-3154.2003","article-title":"Antifungal Susceptibility Survey of 2,000 Bloodstream Candida Isolates in the United States. Antimicrob","volume":"47","author":"Rex","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2007.04.002","article-title":"Resistance to echinocandin-class antifungal drugs","volume":"10","author":"Perlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks271","article-title":"Epidemiology and echinocandin susceptibility of Candida parapsilosis sensu lato species isolated from bloodstream infections at a Spanish university hospital","volume":"67","author":"Canton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siopi, M., Papadopoulos, A., Spiliopoulou, A., Paliogianni, F., Abou-Chakra, N., Arendrup, M.C., Damoulari, C., Tsioulos, G., Giannitsioti, E., and Frantzeskaki, F. (2022). Pan-Echinocandin Resistant C. parapsilosis Harboring an F652S Fks1 Alteration in a Patient with Prolonged Echinocandin Therapy. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8090931"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153086","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2153086","article-title":"Decreased echinocandin susceptibility in Candida parapsilosis causing candidemia and emergence of a pan-echinocandin resistant case in China","volume":"12","author":"Ning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2892","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00349-06","article-title":"Candida albicans and Candida glabrata Clinical Isolates Exhibiting Reduced Echinocandin Susceptibility","volume":"50","author":"Katiyar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S.D., Robbins, N., Zaas, A.K., Schell, W.A., Perfect, J.R., and Cowen, L.E. (2009). Hsp90 governs echinocandin resistance in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans via calcineurin. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000532"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05588.x","article-title":"The PKC, HOG and Ca2+ signalling pathways co-ordinately regulate chitin synthesis in Candida albicans","volume":"63","author":"Munro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00683-11","article-title":"Elevated cell wall chitin in Candida albicans confers echinocandin resistance in vivo","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-030117-020345","article-title":"Molecular Evolution of Antifungal Drug Resistance","volume":"71","author":"Robbins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00117-3","article-title":"Antifungal agents: Mechanisms of action","volume":"11","author":"Odds","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.03.002","article-title":"Clinical breakpoints for voriconazole and Candida spp. revisited: Review of microbiologic, molecular, pharmacodynamic, and clinical data as they pertain to the development of species-specific interpretive criteria","volume":"70","author":"Pfaller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60605-9","article-title":"Micafungin versus liposomal amphotericin B for candidaemia and invasive candidosis: A phase III randomised double-blind trial","volume":"369","author":"Kuse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e3181e9441b","article-title":"Drug-induced nephrotoxicity caused by amphotericin B lipid complex and liposomal amphotericin B: A review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Safdar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.2.568-574.2004","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Models of Wild-Type and Mutated Forms of Cytochrome P450 14\u03b1-Sterol Demethylases from Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans Provide Insights into Posaconazole Binding","volume":"48","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spampinato, C., and Leonardi, D. (2013). Candida infections, causes, targets, and resistance mechanisms: Traditional and alternative antifungal agents. BioMed. Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/204237"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12330","article-title":"Antifungal drug resistance among Candida species: Mechanisms and clinical impact","volume":"2","author":"Sanguinetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_284","first-page":"120","article-title":"Resistance to antifungal agents: Mechanisms and clinical impacts","volume":"46","author":"Kanafani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrobiol. Resist."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.382","article-title":"Clinical, cellular, and molecular factors that contribute to antifungal drug resistance","volume":"11","author":"White","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4377","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.11.4377-4386.2004","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of primary resistance to flucytosice in Candida albicans","volume":"48","author":"Hope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00181-0","article-title":"Resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents: Molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences","volume":"2","author":"Sanglard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i4","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx444","article-title":"Changes in the epidemiological landscape of invasive candidiasis","volume":"73","author":"Lamoth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1773-1780.2002","article-title":"Antifungal susceptibility of Candida biofilms: Unique efficacy of amphotericin B lipid formulations and echinocandins","volume":"46","author":"Kuhn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01644.x","article-title":"The effect of aminocandin (HMR 3270) on the in-vitro adherence of Candida albicans to polystyrene surfaces coated with extracellular matrix proteins or fibronectin","volume":"13","author":"Cateau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3522","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.11.3522-3531.2002","article-title":"Action of chlorhexidine digluconate against yeast and filamentous forms in an early-stage Candida albicans biofilm","volume":"46","author":"Suci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1995.tb00163.x","article-title":"The effect of sodium hypochlorite on potential pathogenic traits of Candida albicans and other Candida species","volume":"10","author":"Webb","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bersan, S.M., Galvao, L.C., Goes, V.F., Sartoratto, A., Figueira, G.M., Rehder, V.L., Alencar, S.M., Duarte, R.M., Rosalen, P.L., and Duarte, M.C. (2014). Action of essential oils from Brazilian native and exotic medicinal species on oral biofilms. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-451"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2010.02005.x","article-title":"Microscopical analysis of Candida albicans biofilms on heat-polymerised acrylic resin after chlorhexidine gluconate and sodium hypochlorite treatments","volume":"54","author":"Acosta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13594","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305982110","article-title":"Chemical screening identifies filastatin, a small molecule inhibitor of Candida albicans adhesion, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis","volume":"110","author":"Fazly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985832","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/985832","article-title":"Action of Coriandrum sativum L. essential oil upon oral Candida albicans biofilm formation","volume":"2011","author":"Furletti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.2319\/121010-713.1","article-title":"Effect of garlic on bacterial biofilm formation on orthodontic wire","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802696","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/802696","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antiproliferative potential of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan","volume":"2014","author":"Alves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. -Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.01.029","article-title":"The anti-Candida activity of Thymbra capitata essential oil: Effect upon pre-formed biofilm","volume":"140","author":"Gaspar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2012.749398","article-title":"Terpenoids of plant origin inhibit morphogenesis, adhesion, and biofilm formation by Candida albicans","volume":"29","author":"Raut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2012.683540","article-title":"Candida albicans adhesion to human epithelial cells and polystyrene and formation of biofilm is reduced by sub-inhibitory Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil","volume":"50","author":"Sudjana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01601-10","article-title":"Gentian violet exhibits activity against biofilms formed by oral Candida isolates obtained from HIV-infected patients","volume":"55","author":"Traboulsi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-011-9876-x","article-title":"Efficacy of zosteric acid sodium salt on the yeast biofilm model Candida albicans","volume":"62","author":"Villa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microb Ecol."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402011000600011","article-title":"In vitro effect of low-level laser therapy on typical oral microbial biofilms","volume":"22","author":"Basso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. Dent J."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.10.4288-4295.2005","article-title":"Sensitivity of Candida albicans germ tubes and biofilms to photofrin-mediated phototoxicity","volume":"49","author":"Foster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2014.09.006","article-title":"Application of benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy of Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"141","author":"Lopes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2014.03.013","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy has antifungal effect and reduces inflammatory signals in Candida albicans-induced murine vaginitis","volume":"11","author":"Correa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-014-1570-z","article-title":"Biofilms of Candida albicans serotypes A and B differ in their sensitivity to photodynamic therapy","volume":"29","author":"Rossoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820270506","article-title":"Salicylic acid prevents the adherence of bacteria and yeast to silastic catheters","volume":"27","author":"Farber","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-4-199708150-00001","article-title":"Prevention of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection by use of an anti-septic-impregnated catheter. A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"127","author":"Maki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.11.2397","article-title":"Antibiotics and prevention of microbial colonization of catheters","volume":"39","author":"Raad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2010.03.013","article-title":"Parylene coating hinders Candida albicans adhesion to silicone elastomers and denture bases resin","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530350052034","article-title":"Biotherapeutic agents. A neglected modality for the treatment and prevention of selected intestinal and vaginal infections","volume":"275","author":"Elmer","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600204","article-title":"Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly--a randomized controlled trial","volume":"86","author":"Hatakka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2016.05.013","article-title":"Antifungal Peptides: To Be or Not to Be Membrane Active","volume":"130","author":"Rautenbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Kizhakkedathu, J.N., and Straus, S.K. (2018). Antimicrobial peptides: Diversity, mechanism of action and strategies to improve the activity and biocompatibility in vivo. Biomolecules, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8010004"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haney, E.F., Straus, S.K., and Hancock, R.E.W. (2019). Reassessing the host defense peptide landscape. Front. Chem., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00043"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00056-05","article-title":"Peptide Antimicrobial Agents","volume":"19","author":"Jenssen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3390\/ph6081055","article-title":"Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptides toward the Development of Novel Antibiotics","volume":"6","author":"Aoki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Browne, K., Chakraborty, S., Chen, R., Willcox, M.D., Black, D.S., Walsh, W.R., and Kumar, N. (2020). A New Era of Antibiotics: The Clinical Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197047"},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0710-x","article-title":"Multifunctional Cationic Host Defence Peptides and Their Clinical Applications","volume":"68","author":"Yeung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dijksteel, G.S., Ulrich, M.M.W., Middelkoop, E., and Boekema, B.K.H.L. (2021). Review: Lessons Learned From Clinical Trials Using Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs). Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.616979"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesiuk, M., Paduszy\u0144ska, M., and Greber, K.E. (2022). Synthetic Antimicrobial Immunomodulatory Peptides: Ongoing Studies and Clinical Trials. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081062"},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anumudu, C., Hart, A., Miri, T., and Onyeaka, H. (2021). Recent Advances in the Application of the Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin in the Inactivation of Spore-Forming Bacteria in Foods. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185552"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201500602","article-title":"Gramicidin A Mutants with Antibiotic Activity against Both Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Zerfas","year":"2016","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70850-3","article-title":"Framework for optimisation of the clinical use of colistin and polymyxin B: The Prato polymyxin consensus","volume":"15","author":"Nation","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx349","article-title":"Daptomycin","volume":"73","author":"Heidary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharjya, S., Zhang, Z., and Ramamoorthy, A. (2024). LL-37: Structures, Antimicrobial Activity, and Influence on Amyloid-Related Diseases. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030320"},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H.Q., Sun, C., Xu, N., and Liu, W. (2024). The current landscape of the antimicrobial peptide melittin and its therapeutic potential. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1326033"},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.53.816","article-title":"Friulimicins: Novel lipopeptide antibiotics with peptidoglycan synthesis inhibiting activity from Actinoplanes friuliensis sp. nov. II. Isolation and structural characterization","volume":"53","author":"Ehlers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_331","unstructured":"Armaganidis, A., Frantzeskaki, F., Diakaki, C., Apostolopoulou, O., Zakynthinos, S., Ischaki, E., Mandragos, C., Katsenos, C., Paraschos, M., and Patrani, M. (2017, January 22\u201325). Pharmacokinetic and efficacy analysis of murepavadin (POL7080) coadministered with standard-of-care (SOC) in a phase II study in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to suspected or documented Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, abstr 2720. Proceedings of the 27th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2174\/138920312804142101","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptide rBPI21: A translational overview from bench to clinical studies","volume":"13","author":"Domingues","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protein. Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.11.8.1161","article-title":"Iseganan HCl: A novel antimicrobial agent","volume":"11","author":"Giles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s10295-015-1714-6","article-title":"Discovery and development of surotomycin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile","volume":"43","author":"Mascio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.4.782","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial properties of pexiganan, an analog of magainin","volume":"43","author":"Ge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680590968637","article-title":"A review of antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic potential as anti-infective drugs","volume":"30","author":"Gordon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.8.3112-3118.2004","article-title":"Omiganan pentahydrochloride (MBI 226), a topical 12-amino-acid cationic peptide: Spectrum of antimicrobial activity and measurements of bactericidal activity","volume":"48","author":"Sader","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks359","article-title":"Evaluation of NVB302 versus vancomycin activity in an in vitro human gut model of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"68","author":"Crowther","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2017.090","article-title":"The Antibacterial Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides OP-145 against Clinically Isolated Multi-Resistant Strains","volume":"70","author":"Ming","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01199-07","article-title":"The P-113 fragment of histatin 5 requires a specific peptide sequence for intracellular translocation in Candida albicans, which is independent of cell wall binding","volume":"52","author":"Woong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5786","DOI":"10.1021\/jm200450h","article-title":"A synthetic antimicrobial peptidomimetic (LTX 109): Stereochemical impact on membrane disruption","volume":"54","author":"Isaksson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000490772","article-title":"Immunomodulatory and kidney-protective effects of the human chorionic gonadotropin derivate EA-230","volume":"140","author":"Kox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.10.010","article-title":"Dusquetide: A novel innate defense regulator demonstrating a significant consistent reduction in the duration of oral mucositis in preclinical data a randomized placebo-controlled Phase 2a clinical study","volume":"239","author":"Kudrimoti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1469-1476.2001","article-title":"Human lactoferrin and peptides derived from Its N terminus are highly effective against infections with antibioticresistant bacteria","volume":"69","author":"Nibbering","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7569","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1506207112","article-title":"Precision-guided antimicrobial peptide as a targeted modulator of human microbial ecology","volume":"112","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa015","article-title":"NP213 (Novexatin R\u00a9): A unique therapy candidate for onychomycosis with a differentiated safety and efficacy profile","volume":"58","author":"Mercer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.4.6.939","article-title":"Ramoplanin: A topical lipoglycodepsipeptide antibacterial agent","volume":"4","author":"Fulco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.4841","article-title":"A novel drug for treatment of necrotizing soft-tissue infections: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"149","author":"Bulger","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110712","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of cecropin peptide-based silver nanocomposites: Its antibacterial activity and mode of action","volume":"110","author":"Muchintala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasir, M., Dutta, D., and Willcox, M.D.P. (2019). Mode of action of the antimicrobial peptide Mel4 is independent of Staphylococcus aureus cell membrane permeability. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/603712"},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasir, M., Dutta, D., Hossain, K.R., Chen, R., Ho, K.K.K., Kuppusamy, R., Clarke, R.J., Kumar, N., and Willcox, M.D.P. (2020). Mechanism of action of surface immobilized antimicrobial peptides against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.03053"},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06354-11","article-title":"Mechanism of action of and mechanism of reduced susceptibility to the novel anti-Clostridium difficile compound LFF571","volume":"56","author":"Leeds","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000172807.26748.16","article-title":"RDP58 is a novel and potentially effective oral therapy for ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Travis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e5kansson, J., Ringstad, L., Umerska, A., Johansson, J., Andersson, T., Boge, L., Rozenbaum, R.T., Sharma, P.K., Tollb\u00e4ck, P., and Bj\u00f6rn, C. (2019). Characterization of the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo efficacy of the antimicrobial peptide DPK-060 used for topical treatment. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00174"},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5747","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00827-15","article-title":"Cellular pharmacokinetics and intracellular activity of the novel peptide deformylase inhibitor GSK1322322 against Staphylococcus aureus laboratory and clinical strains with various resistance phenotypes: Studies with human THP-1 monocytes and J774 murine macrophages","volume":"59","author":"Peyrusson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_356","first-page":"28","article-title":"PXL01 in sodium hyaluronate results in increased PRG4 expression: A potential mechanism for anti-adhesion Ups","volume":"122","author":"Edsfeldt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.97","article-title":"AP214, an analogue of \u03b1-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, ameliorates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury and mortality","volume":"73","author":"Doi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5136","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02955-14","article-title":"Comparative mechanistic studies of brilacidin, daptomycin, and the antimicrobial peptide LL16","volume":"58","author":"Mensa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp299","article-title":"XF-73, a novel antistaphylococcal membrane-active agent with rapid bactericidal activity","volume":"64","author":"Ooi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1989.tb01415.x","article-title":"Enhancement of Candida albicans killing activity of separated human epidermal cells by \u03b1-melanocyte stimulating hormone","volume":"121","author":"Csato","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00965-7","article-title":"Ghrelin, a widespread hormone: Insights into molecular and cellular regulation of its expression and mechanism of action","volume":"552","author":"Gualillo","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6924","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.7b02318","article-title":"Total synthesis biological mode of action of WAP-8294A2: Amenaquinone-targeting antibiotic","volume":"83","author":"Itoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.9.2891-2896.2004","article-title":"Origin diversity of alginate lyases of families PL-5 and -7 in Sphingomonas sp strain A1","volume":"186","author":"Miyake","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36007","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C109.073627","article-title":"Sequestosome-1\/p62 is the key intracellular target of innate defense regulator peptide","volume":"284","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181b246a7","article-title":"A novel polypeptide derived from human lactoferrin in sodium hyaluronate prevents postsurgical adhesion formation in the rat","volume":"250","author":"Nilsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203053027575","article-title":"Defensins\u2013components of the innate immune system in plants","volume":"6","author":"Lay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8035-0","article-title":"The mode of antifungal action of plant, insect and human defensins","volume":"65","author":"Aerts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(95)00666-W","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of plant defensins from seeds of Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Hippocastanaceae and Saxifragaceae","volume":"368","author":"Osborn","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.2000.1824","article-title":"Characterization of two novel defense peptides from pea (Pisum sativum) seeds","volume":"378","author":"Almeida","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2007.07.016","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of antifungal plant and insect defensins","volume":"12","author":"Thevissen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-010-9847-3","article-title":"Antifungal activity of PvD1 defensin involves plasma membrane permeabilization, inhibition of medium acidification, and induction of ROS in fungi cells","volume":"62","author":"Mello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4522","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00448-08","article-title":"In vitro activity of the antifungal plant defensin RsAFP2 against Candida isolates and its in vivo efficacy in prophylactic murine models of candidiasis","volume":"52","author":"Tavares","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-005-0657-1","article-title":"Human defensins","volume":"83","author":"Schneider","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411980090040201","article-title":"Epithelial antimicrobial peptides: Review and significance for oral applications","volume":"9","author":"Weinberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.2740-2745.1999","article-title":"Production of beta-defensin antimicrobial peptides by the oral mucosa and salivary glands","volume":"67","author":"Mathews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5707","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008557200","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of human beta-defensin-3, a novel human inducible peptide antibiotic","volume":"276","author":"Harder","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.1024-1029.2004","article-title":"Human beta-defensins 2 and 3 demonstrate strain-selective activity against oral microorganisms","volume":"42","author":"Joly","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508400509","article-title":"Human beta-defensins: Differential activity against candidal species and regulation by Candida albicans","volume":"84","author":"Feng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.324-331.2006","article-title":"Distinct antifungal mechanisms: Beta-defensins require Candida albicans Ssa1 protein, while Trk1p mediates activity of cysteine-free cationic peptides","volume":"50","author":"Vylkova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00478-06","article-title":"Human beta-defensins kill Candida albicans in an energy-dependent and salt-sensitive manner without causing membrane disruption","volume":"51","author":"Vylkova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09674","article-title":"Reduction of disulphide bonds unmasks potent antimicrobial activity of human \u03b2-defensin 1","volume":"469","author":"Schroeder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33464","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M001491200","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of gomesin, an 18-residue cysteine-rich defense peptide from the spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana hemocytes with sequence similarities to horseshoe crab antimicrobial peptides of the tachyplesin family","volume":"275","author":"Silva","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2007.11.002","article-title":"The role of hemocytes in the immunity of the spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana","volume":"32","author":"Fukuzawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00850.x","article-title":"Gomesin, a peptide produced by the spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana, is a potent anticryptococcal agent that acts in synergism with fluconazole","volume":"274","author":"Barbosa","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.7b00459","article-title":"Redesigned spider peptide with improved antimicrobial and anticancer properties","volume":"12","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.01.022","article-title":"Effect of the antimicrobial peptide gomesin against different life stages of Plasmodium spp","volume":"116","author":"Moreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.07885","article-title":"Effective topical treatment of subcutaneous murine B16F10-Nex2 melanoma by the antimicrobial peptide gomesin","volume":"10","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.04.012","article-title":"Peptide gomesin triggers cell death through L-type channel calcium influx, MAPK\/ERK, PKC and PI3K signaling and generation of reactive oxygen species","volume":"186","author":"Soletti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rossi, D.C., Mu\u00f1oz, J.E., Carvalho, D.D., Belmonte, R., Faintuch, B., Borelli, P., Miranda, A., Taborda, C.P., and Daffre, S. (2012). Therapeutic use of a cationic antimicrobial peptide from the spider Acanthoscurria gomesiana in the control of experimental candidiasis. BMC Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-28"},{"key":"ref_390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.10260","article-title":"Mode of action of membrane active antimicrobial peptides","volume":"66","author":"Shai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-016-0250-8","article-title":"NFAP2, a novel cysteine-rich anti-yeast protein from Neosartorya fischeri NRRL 181: Isolation and characterization","volume":"6","author":"Kele","year":"2016","journal-title":"AMB Express."},{"key":"ref_392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.06.022","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Neosartorya fischeri antifungal protein (NFAP)","volume":"32","author":"Papp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amann, V., Kissmann, A.K., Kr\u00e4mer, M., Krebs, I., Perez-Erviti, J.A., Otero-Gonzalez, A.J., Morales-Vicente, F., Rodr\u00edguez, A., St\u00e4ndker, L., and Weil, T. (2022). Increased Activities against Biofilms of the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans of Optimized Pom-1 Derivatives. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020318"},{"key":"ref_394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amann, V., Kissmann, A.K., Mildenberger, V., Krebs, I., Perez-Erviti, J.A., Martell-Huguet, E.M., Otero-Gonzalez, A.J., Morales-Vicente, F., Rodr\u00edguez-Casta\u00f1o, G.P., and Firacative, C. (2023). Cm-p5 Peptide Dimers Inhibit Biofilms of Candida albicans Clinical Isolates, C. parapsilosis and Fluconazole-Resistant Mutants of C. auris. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129788"},{"key":"ref_395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107359","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis-an overview of current trends and the latest treatment strategies","volume":"200","author":"Bhosale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez Garcia, M., Rodriguez, A., Alba, A., Vazquez, A.A., Morales Vicente, F.E., Perez-Erviti, J., Spellerberg, B., Stenger, S., Grieshober, M., and Conzelmann, C. (2020). New Antibacterial Peptides from the Freshwater Mollusk Pomacea poeyana (Pilsbry, 1927). Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111473"},{"key":"ref_397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4ring, M., Amann, V., Kissmann, A.K., Herberger, T., Synatschke, C., Kirsch-Pietz, N., Perez-Erviti, J.A., Otero-Gonzalez, A.J., Morales-Vicente, F., and Andersson, J. (2022). Combination of Six Individual Derivatives of the Pom-1 Antibiofilm Peptide Doubles Their Efficacy against Invasive and Multi-Resistant Clinical Isolates of the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14071332"},{"key":"ref_398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kissmann, A.-K., Mildenberger, V., Kr\u00e4mer, M., Alp\u00edzar-Pedraza, D., Martell-Huguet, E.M., Perez-Erviti, J.A., Cetinkaya, A., Pietrasik, J., Otero-Gonzalez, A.J., and Firacative, C. (2024). Anti-biofilm peptides can rescue fluconazole and amphotericin B efficacies against Candida albicans. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4767919\/v1"},{"key":"ref_399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-269860","article-title":"Cm-P5: An Antifungal Hydrophilic Peptide Derived from the Coastal Mollusk Cenchritis muricatus (Gastropoda: Littorinidae)","volume":"29","author":"McBeth","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2024.171313","article-title":"Cm-p5, a molluscan-derived antifungal peptide exerts its activity by a membrane surface covering in a non-penetrating mode","volume":"182","author":"Bertrand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubiczek, D., Flaig, C., Raber, H., Dietz, S., Kissmann, A.K., Heerde, T., Bodenberger, N., Wittgens, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Garcia, M., and Kang, F. (2020). A Cerberus-Inspired Anti-Infective Multicomponent Gatekeeper Hydrogel against Infections with the Emerging \u201cSuperbug\u201d Yeast Candida auris. Macromol. Biosci., 20.","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202000005"},{"key":"ref_402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda, M., Morales-Vicente, F., Pico, E.D., Garay, H., Rivera, D.G., Grieshober, M., Olari, L.R., Gro\u00df, R., Conzelmann, C., and Kr\u00fcger, F. (2021). Antimicrobial Activity of Cyclic-Monomeric and Dimeric Derivatives of the Snail-Derived Peptide Cm-P5 against Viral and Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050745"},{"key":"ref_403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taheri-Araghi, S. (2024). Synergistic action of antimicrobial peptides and antibiotics: Current understanding and future directions. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1390765"},{"key":"ref_404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300472","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202300472","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptide Synergies for Fighting Infectious Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Mhlongo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D., Kim, J.S., Bai, X., Zhang, J., Park, M., Lee, U., Lee, J., Bahn, Y.S., Xu, Y., and Ha, N.C. (2025). Development of Miniprotein-Type Inhibitors of Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans and Candida auris. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 35.","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2411.11076"},{"key":"ref_406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123485","article-title":"ML-AMPs designed through machine learning show antifungal activity against C. albicans and therapeutic potential on mice model with candidiasis","volume":"366","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadp7171","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp7171","article-title":"Artificial intelligence using a latent diffusion model enables the generation of diverse and potent antimicrobial peptides","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/4\/460\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:59:51Z","timestamp":1760029191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/4\/460"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":407,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18040460"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18040460","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]}}}