{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T14:19:27Z","timestamp":1782397167258,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["302195\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302195\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["309098\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309098\/2023-8"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["404717\/2016-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404717\/2016-0"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["310731\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310731\/2021-6"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["403295\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403295\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["88881.924191\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.924191\/2023-01"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe (Brazil)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe (Brazil)","award":["302195\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302195\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe (Brazil)","award":["309098\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309098\/2023-8"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe (Brazil)","award":["404717\/2016-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404717\/2016-0"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe (Brazil)","award":["310731\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310731\/2021-6"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe (Brazil)","award":["403295\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403295\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe (Brazil)","award":["88881.924191\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.924191\/2023-01"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["302195\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302195\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["309098\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309098\/2023-8"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["404717\/2016-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404717\/2016-0"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["310731\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310731\/2021-6"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["403295\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403295\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["88881.924191\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.924191\/2023-01"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["302195\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302195\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["309098\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309098\/2023-8"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["404717\/2016-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404717\/2016-0"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["310731\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310731\/2021-6"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["403295\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403295\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"CAPES","award":["88881.924191\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.924191\/2023-01"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT programs","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT programs","award":["302195\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302195\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT programs","award":["309098\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309098\/2023-8"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT programs","award":["404717\/2016-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404717\/2016-0"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT programs","award":["310731\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310731\/2021-6"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT programs","award":["403295\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403295\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"CAPES-PRINT programs","award":["88881.924191\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.924191\/2023-01"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria and INCT-INOVAMED (Brazil)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria and INCT-INOVAMED (Brazil)","award":["302195\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302195\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria and INCT-INOVAMED (Brazil)","award":["309098\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309098\/2023-8"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria and INCT-INOVAMED (Brazil)","award":["404717\/2016-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404717\/2016-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria and INCT-INOVAMED (Brazil)","award":["310731\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310731\/2021-6"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria and INCT-INOVAMED (Brazil)","award":["403295\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403295\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria and INCT-INOVAMED (Brazil)","award":["88881.924191\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.924191\/2023-01"]}]},{"name":"British Pharmacological Society","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"British Pharmacological Society","award":["302195\/2022-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302195\/2022-0"]}]},{"name":"British Pharmacological Society","award":["309098\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["309098\/2023-8"]}]},{"name":"British Pharmacological Society","award":["404717\/2016-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["404717\/2016-0"]}]},{"name":"British Pharmacological Society","award":["310731\/2021-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310731\/2021-6"]}]},{"name":"British Pharmacological Society","award":["403295\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["403295\/2021-1"]}]},{"name":"British Pharmacological Society","award":["88881.924191\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.924191\/2023-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease, affect the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment aims to induce remission and relieve symptoms but may fail or cause side effects. Recent studies suggest that natural polysaccharides can reduce inflammation and promote healing. The polysaccharides of the pulp of tamarillo (Solanum betaceum cav.) have shown beneficial effects, but their potential in colitis is still unexplored. Objective: To investigate the effect of polysaccharides from tamarillo pulp in an animal model of ulcerative colitis. Methods: Polysaccharides from tamarillo pulp (STWA) were extracted and tested in female mice (BALB\/c) to investigate their effect on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis. Different doses of the polysaccharides were tested (10 mg\/kg, 30 mg\/kg, and 100 mg\/kg). The course of the disease and the weight of the animals were monitored daily. At the end of the experimental protocol, the large intestine was removed and measured. Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were then analyzed. Histological analysis was performed to assess microscopic changes. Results: Treatment with STWA (100 mg\/kg) prevented weight loss in mice with DSS-induced colitis and reduced the disease activity index. The colon length was preserved, and occult blood in the feces was reduced. Treatment with STWA controlled oxidative stress. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) levels increased, while lipid peroxidation decreased. The inflammatory process was reduced, as indicated by the decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO), N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels and the increase in interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels. STWA also improved the colon histology, while preserving the colonic epithelium. Conclusions: The results suggest that STWA has protective potential and reduces inflammation in an experimental model of ulcerative colitis in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T08:42:35Z","timestamp":1742892155000},"page":"461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Type I Arabinogalactan and Methyl-Esterified Homogalacturonan Polysaccharides from Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum cav.) Fruit Pulp Ameliorate DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9232-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara Luisa","family":"Valerio de Mello Braga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7136-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Silva Schiebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4180-668X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisele","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1539-225X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karien","family":"Sauruk da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateus Henrique","family":"dos Santos Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Carolina","family":"Vieira Ulyss\u00e9a Fernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia E.","family":"do Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6680-8967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucimara Mach C\u00f4rtes","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tufik","family":"Adel Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal de Rondon\u00f3polis, Rondon\u00f3polis 78736-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Biondaro","family":"Gois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Federal de Rondon\u00f3polis, Rondon\u00f3polis 78736-900, MT, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Fernandes Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7992-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Maria-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisa Pel\u00e9 Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Biotecnologia Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade da Crian\u00e7a e do Adolescente, Faculdades Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"E41120","article-title":"Advancements in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Narrative Eview of Diagnostics, Management, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Patient Outcomes, Quality of Life, and Clinical Presentation","volume":"15","author":"Muzammil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kofla-D\u0142ubacz, A., Pytrus, T., Akutko, K., Sputa-Grzegrz\u00f3\u0142ka, P., Piotrowska, A., and Dzi\u0119giel, P. (2022). Etiology of IBD\u2014Is It Still a Mystery?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012445"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saez, A., Herrero-Fernandez, B., Gomez-Bris, R., S\u00e1nchez-Martinez, H., and Gonzalez-Granado, J.M. (2023). Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Innate Immune System. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021526"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"389","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9650","DOI":"10.25248\/reamed.e9650b.2022","article-title":"Doen\u00e7as Inflamat\u00f3rias Intestinais: Uma Abordagem Geral","volume":"2","author":"Roma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Eletr\u00f4nica Acervo M\u00e9dico"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21893","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Biomarkers","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1159\/000527422","article-title":"New and Emerging Treatments for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"104","author":"Higashiyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeruc, J. (2022). Histomorphological Diagnosis of Ulcerative Colitis and Associated Conditions. Ulcerative Colitis\u2014Etiology, Diagnosis, Diet, Special Populations, and The Role of Interventional Endoscopy, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.102364"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30333-4","article-title":"The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 195 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","author":"Alatab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7247238","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7247238","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review and Update on the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0205-x","article-title":"Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.233","article-title":"Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target","volume":"110","author":"Sandborn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.031","article-title":"STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target strategies in IBD","volume":"160","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zurba, Y., Gros, B., and Shehab, M. (2023). Exploring the Pipeline of Novel Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease; State of the Art Review. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030747"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2010.01.002","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Biologics Used for Treating IBD","volume":"24","author":"Stallmach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"591","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Tofacitinib in Ulcerative Colitis Based on Prior Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Failure Status","volume":"20","author":"Sandborn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2020101","article-title":"Do Jak Inhibitors Have a Realistic Future in Treating Crohn\u2019s Disease?","volume":"18","author":"Parigi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrador-L\u00f3pez, M., Mart\u00edn-Masot, R., and Navas-L\u00f3pez, V.M. (2023). Dietary Interventions in Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review of the Evidence with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194194"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6646","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i41.6646","article-title":"Preventive effect of a pectic polysaccharide of the common cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos L. on acetic acid-induced colitis in mice","volume":"12","author":"Popov","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9829","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01200B","article-title":"An arabinogalactan from Lycium barbarum attenuates DSS-induced chronic colitis in C57BL\/6J mice associated with the modulation of intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, N., Liu, C., Li, N., Zhou, S., Guo, Y., Yang, S., and Liu, H. (2023). Role of Interleukin-22 in ulcerative colitis. Biomed. Pharmacother., 159.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114273"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Ding, C., Liu, X., Zhao, Y., Li, S., Ding, Q., Zhao, T., Ma, S., Li, W., and Liu, W. (2024). New resource food-arabinogalactan improves DSS-induced acute colitis through intestinal flora and NLRP3 signaling pathway. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 258.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.129118"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122829","article-title":"Astragalus polysaccharides alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by restoring SCFA production and regulating Th17\/Treg cell homeostasis in a microbiota-dependent manner","volume":"349","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.12.026","article-title":"Chemical Characterisation of Anthocyanins in Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) and Andes Berry (Rubus glaucus Benth.) Fruits","volume":"132","author":"Osorio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.03.032","article-title":"Structure of an Arabinogalactan from the Edible Tropical Fruit Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) and Its Antinociceptive Activity","volume":"116","author":"Corso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8703","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO01283A","article-title":"Impact of Lycium barbarum arabinogalactan on the fecal metabolome in a DSS-induced chronic colitis mouse model","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Wang, Z., Song, J., Xu, K., Tian, W., Cai, X., Mo, J., Cao, Y., and Xiao, J. (2023). Homogalacturonan enriched pectin based hydrogel enhances 6-gingerol\u2019s colitis alleviation effect via NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 axis. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 245.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125282"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, X., Cai, W., Yang, D., Wang, W., Che, H., and Li, H. (2025). Effect of the arabinogalactan from Ixeris chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai. Attenuates DSS-induced colitis and accompanying depression-like behavior. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 286.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138525"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Mei, M.-S., Yu, Y., Zhao, Y., Gong, H., Chen, W., Qiu, B., Shi, S., Dilixiati, M., and Wang, S. (2024). Elegant approach to intervention of homogalacturonan from the fruits of Ficus pumila L. in colitis: Unraveling the role of methyl esters and acetyl groups. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 283.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.137793"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.030","article-title":"Interactions Between Diet and the Intestinal Microbiota Alter Intestinal Permeability and Colitis Severity in Mice","volume":"154","author":"Llewellyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112303","article-title":"Polysaccharides Derived from Morinda citrifolia Linn Reduce Inflammatory Markers During Experimental Colitis","volume":"248","author":"Batista","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12905","article-title":"The protective effect of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. polysaccharide on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice via the modulation of gut microbiota and inhibition of NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"104","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria-Ferreira, D., Nascimento, A.M., Cipriani, T.R., Santana-Filho, A.P., Watanabe, P.d.S., Sant\u2019ana, D.d.M.G., Luciano, F.B., Bocate, K.C.P., Wijngaard, R.M.v.D., and Werner, M.F.d.P. (2018). Rhamnogalacturonan, a chemically-defined polysaccharide, improves intestinal barrier function in DSS-induced colitis in mice and human Caco-2 cells. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30526-2"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, H.J., Kim, Y.-S., and Oh, T.W. (2023). Effect of Polycan, a \u03b2-Glucan from Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001, on Inflammatory Response and Intestinal Barrier Function in DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914773"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i33.6016","article-title":"Dextran sodium sulfate colitis murine model: An indispensable tool for advancing our understanding of inflammatory bowel diseases pathogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Eichele","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1525s104","article-title":"Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis in Mice","volume":"104","author":"Chasaing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.07.050","article-title":"Loss of the tight junction protein ZO-1 in dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis","volume":"140","author":"Poritz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad312","article-title":"Unveiling Colitis: A Journey through the Dextran Sodium Sulfate-induced Model","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000007822","article-title":"Characterisation of acute murine dextran sodium sulphate colitis: Cytokine profile and dose dependency","volume":"62","author":"Egger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2015.01.006","article-title":"Experimental Models of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"1","author":"Kiesler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeshi, K., Ruscher, R., Hunter, L., Daly, N.L., Loukas, A., and Wangchuk, P. (2020). Revisiting Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathology, Treatments, Challenges and Emerging Therapeutics Including Drug Leads from Natural Products. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051273"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-12-200512200-00007","article-title":"New concepts in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"143","author":"Bamias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.103","article-title":"IL-10 Modulates DSS-Induced Colitis Through a Macrophage-Ros-No Axis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3661","article-title":"Cytokines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"14","author":"Neurath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118587","article-title":"Changes in Serum Inflammatory Cytokine Levels and Intestinal Flora in A Self-Healing Dextran Sodium Sul-fate-Induced Ulcerative Colitis Murine Model","volume":"263","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603990","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2021.1603990","article-title":"A Review of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Model of Microbial, Immune and Neuropsychological Integration","volume":"42","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20210139","article-title":"Inhibitory Feedback Control of NF-\u03baB Signalling in Health and Disease","volume":"478","author":"Prescott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashique, S., Mishra, N., Garg, A., Sibuh, B.Z., Taneja, P., Rai, G., Djearamane, S., Wong, L.S., Al-Dayan, N., and Roychoudhury, S. (2023). Recent Updates on Correlation Between Reactive Oxygen Species and Synbiotics for Effective Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1126579"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4535194","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4535194","article-title":"Pathomechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Potential Antioxidant Therapies","volume":"2017","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muro, P., Zhang, L., Li, S., Zhao, Z., Jin, T., Mao, F., and Mao, Z. (2024). The emerging role of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1390351"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00617-8","article-title":"Slimy partners: The mucus barrier and gut microbiome in ulcerative colitis","volume":"53","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Park, H., Choe, B.-H., and Kang, B. (2022). The Role and Function of Mucins and Its Relationship to Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.848344"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i7.1157","article-title":"Mucosal healing and inflammatory bowel disease: Therapeutic implications and new targets","volume":"29","author":"Otte","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2290230","article-title":"Structure-function effects of different pectin chemistries and its impact on the gastrointestinal immune barrier system","volume":"65","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Gong, S., and Han, J. (2023). Arabinogalactan Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Damage through Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase\/Silent Information Regulator 1\/Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Signaling Pathways in Caco-2 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015337"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666190913151632","article-title":"Natural Polysaccharides with Immunomodulatory Activities","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benalaya, I., Alves, G., Lopes, J., and Silva, L.R. (2024). A Review of Natural Polysaccharides: Sources, Characteristics, Properties, Food, and Pharmaceutical Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021322"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/07328303.2020.1772278","article-title":"Isolation and structural identification of a novel fructan from Radix Codonopsis","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Carbohydr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.092","article-title":"A polysaccharide from cultured mycelium of Hericium erinaceus relieves ulcerative colitis by counteracting oxidative stress and improving mitochondrial function","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.259","article-title":"Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi polysaccharide ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by improving intestinal barrier function and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"166","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Ding, R., Zhou, Y., Zhu, R., Liu, W., Jin, L., Yao, W., and Gao, X. (2013). Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of B cells by a polysaccharide from marine fungus Phoma herbarum YS4108. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060781"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131586","article-title":"Interaction between polysaccharides and toll-like receptor 4: Primary structural role, immune balance perspective, and 3D interaction model hypothesis","volume":"374","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meldrum, O.W., Yakubov, G.E., Gartaula, G., McGuckin, M.A., and Gidley, M.J. (2017). Mucoadhesive functionality of cell wall structures from fruits and grains: Electrostatic and polymer network interactions mediated by soluble dietary polysaccharides. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16090-1"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.235","article-title":"Mucin-polysaccharide interactions: A rheological approach to evaluate the effect of pH on the mucoadhesive properties","volume":"149","author":"Cardoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.109691","article-title":"Strengthening the diffusion of sodium ions by interactions between gum Arabic and oral mucin","volume":"150","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Yang, Y., Liang, Y., Jiao, X., and Zhao, C. (2018). Beneficial effect of intestinal fermentation of natural polysaccharides. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10081055"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2024.2378012","article-title":"Qing Hua Chang Yin ameliorates chronic colitis in mice by inhibiting PERK-ATF4-CHOP pathway of ER stress and the NF-\u03baB signalling pathway","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2013.12.001","article-title":"Extraction of pectin from passion fruit peel (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) by microwave-induced heating","volume":"38","author":"Seixas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6298662","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6298662","article-title":"Protective Effect of Dietary Polysaccharides from Yellow Passion Fruit Peel on DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice","volume":"2022","author":"Bueno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174422000514","article-title":"Perinatal and Post-Weaning Exposure to a High-Fat Diet Causes Histomorphometric, Neuroplastic, and Histopathological Changes in the Rat Ileum","volume":"14","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 Years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2023.2191382","article-title":"Polysaccharide Fraction from Campomanesia adamantium and Campomanesia pubescens Attenuates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucosal Inflammation in Mice","volume":"75","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/4\/461\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:59:52Z","timestamp":1760029192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/4\/461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18040461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18040461","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]}}}