{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:07:13Z","timestamp":1760058433186,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure on neurobehavioral testing in young Wistar rats and to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Thymus ciliatus (TEO) essential oil to attenuate the damage induced by this chemical toxin. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation (yield of 2.26%), and the characterization by GC-MS indicates that the major components of Thymus ciliatus oil are thymol (63.33%), p-cymene (13.4%), and \u03c3-terpinene (6.69%). Acute BPA intoxication was induced with a dose of 50 mg\/kg orally for 60 days. The neurobehavioral evaluation, performed using a comprehensive set of tests including the forced swim test, dark\/light box, Morris water maze, open field test, and sucrose preference test, clearly demonstrated that bisphenol A (BPA) exposure induced significant neurobehavioral impairments. Results: These impairments included reduced exploratory behavior indicative of heightened stress, anxiety, and depressive-like states, as well as deficits in memory and learning. Furthermore, BPA intoxication was associated with metabolic disturbances such as hyperglycemia along with histopathological evidence of brain tissue damage. However, TEO treatment attenuated these adverse effects by restoring neurobehavioral function. Molecular docking analysis revealed an affinity between the major essential oils identified in T. ciliatus, BPA, and the 5HT2C receptor and the MAO, AChE, and BChE enzymes, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying BPA\u2019s effects on behavior and memory. In addition, TEO also showed an interaction with these molecules, suggesting a therapeutic potential against BPA. These findings underscore the promising role of TEO in mitigating the poisonous effects of BPA and pave the way for additional research into the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic uses of natural bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of toxic diseases. Thymol, the major compound in TEO, exhibited activity related to the dopamine and serotonin pathways, so it could have potential antidepressant properties. Conclusions: Thymol might be a promising candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders such as depression, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease while also preventing histological damage in the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T08:48:00Z","timestamp":1743410880000},"page":"509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of Thymus ciliatus (Thyme) to Ameliorate the Acute Neurotoxicity Induced by Bisphenol A: In Vivo Supported with Virtual Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6543-6963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dallal","family":"Kourat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants (LBPVBP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dr Moulay Tahar, Saida 20000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5495-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djallal Eddine H.","family":"Adli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants (LBPVBP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dr Moulay Tahar, Saida 20000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4131-5802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostapha","family":"Brahmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants (LBPVBP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dr Moulay Tahar, Saida 20000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Relizane, Relizane 48000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3150-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal K.","family":"Alkholifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8181-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faten F.","family":"Bin Dayel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0971-3683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wafaa","family":"Arabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants (LBPVBP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dr Moulay Tahar, Saida 20000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2027-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-Laure","family":"Fauconnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Natural Molecules Chemistry, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Li\u00e8ge, 2 Passage des D\u00e9port\u00e9s, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3252-4575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bakhta","family":"Bouzouira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, CHU of Sidi Bel Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5278-305X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Kahloula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants (LBPVBP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dr Moulay Tahar, Saida 20000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miloud","family":"Slimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotoxicology, Pharmacognosy and Biological Valorization of Plants (LBPVBP), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dr Moulay Tahar, Saida 20000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5352-4778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherouk Hussein","family":"Sweilam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City 11829, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.12.039","article-title":"Effects of maternal bisphenol A on behavior, sex steroid and thyroid hormones levels in the adult rat offspring","volume":"218","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S.K., Tao, Y., Meeker, J.D., Harlow, S.D., and Mukherjee, B. 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