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Hoffm, Euphorbiaceae. Due to the mild renal toxicity associated with high doses of EOCz, its potential therapeutic effects on several diseases, and the fact that its chemical composition consists of 80% anethole, the renal effects of anethole in mice were investigated. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into eight groups, dosed daily as follows: Group 1\u2014CTRL (control; vehicle only); Groups 2\u2014A100, 3\u2014A1252x, and 4\u2014A250 (dosed with 100, 125 twice daily, and 250 mg\/kg, per os anethole); Group 5\u2014SUBAKI (i.p. albumin to induce hyperproteinemia and proteinuria; subclinical acute kidney injury); and Groups 6\u2014SUBAKI+A100, 7\u2014SUBAKI+A1252x, and 8\u2014SUBAKI+A250 (per os anethole + i.p. albumin). Results: The A1252x and A250 groups significantly increased urinary proteinuria and interstitial inflammation (p &lt; 0.001, for these groups). SUBAKI+A100, SUBAKI+A1252x, and SUBAKI+A250 showed a neither protective nor additive effect in the proteinuria induced by anethole and by administered albumin. The anethole-induced proteinuria was spontaneously reversible in approximately 4 weeks. In vitro experiments showed that anethole (300 \u00b5g\/mL) inhibits albumin uptake from the culture medium by tubular cells. Conclusions: Anethole at high doses bears renal acute toxicity that, although mild and spontaneously fully reversible, must be taken into consideration in a cost\u2013benefit analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T07:49:02Z","timestamp":1744184942000},"page":"541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of Anethole on Renal Function of Swiss Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2786-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rom\u00e1rio","family":"Pinheiro-Lustosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7490-114X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neide Maria Silva","family":"Gondim-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6879-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Aparecida dos Santos","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8019-628X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina Maeda","family":"Takiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerly Shamyra da","family":"Silva-Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3894-1645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Acacia S\u00e1","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrelina Noronha","family":"Coelho-de-Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2855-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Diana","family":"Moreira-Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2415-7753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celso","family":"Caruso-Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-617, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3972-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Henrique","family":"Leal-Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Cear\u00e1, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Compositional Characteristics of the Essential Oil of Pimpinella Anisum and Foeniculum Vulgare Grown in Serbia","volume":"39","author":"Djisalov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bot. 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