{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:49:29Z","timestamp":1792518569622,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, CNCS\u2014UEFISCDI","award":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-2126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-2126"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Iron deficiency anemia remains a primary global health concern, affecting millions worldwide. Despite the widespread availability of iron supplements, their efficacy is often hindered by poor bioavailability and adverse gastrointestinal effects. This study explores the potential of probiotics to enhance the bioavailability of Fe3O4 NPs through probiotic-mediated mechanisms. Methods: Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus plantarum were utilized to investigate their interactions with Fe3O4 NPs, synthesized via co-precipitation and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Results: The results indicated that probiotics adhere to the nanoparticle surface, with L. fermentum exhibiting the highest adhesion and internalization capacity, leading to a significant increase in 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4-HPLA) production (11.73 \u00b1 0.09 mg\/mL at 24 h, p &lt; 0.05). Spectroscopic analyses further revealed that probiotic metabolism facilitates the oxidation of Fe3O4 to Fe2O3. Additionally, Fe3O4 nanoparticle-treated cultures demonstrated enhanced bacterial viability and metabolic activity, highlighting a synergistic effect between probiotics and iron nanoparticles. Conclusions: These findings provide compelling evidence for probiotic-assisted iron supplementation as a promising strategy to enhance iron bioavailability while mitigating the gastrointestinal side effects of conventional iron supplements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T07:49:02Z","timestamp":1744184942000},"page":"542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Bioconversion of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles by Probiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5284-0683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u0103lina","family":"Ciont","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Molecular Nutrition and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Mesaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics and Chemistry Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Cocean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5730-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodica Anita","family":"Varvara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7050-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elemer","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0360-016X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucian","family":"Barbu-Tudoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Center, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florica","family":"Ranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3672-8717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette-Emoke","family":"Teleky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5232-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Mitrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5407-8071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan Cristian","family":"Vodnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8939-7267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana Lelia","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Molecular Nutrition and Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-024-06169-y","article-title":"Construction of iron oxide nanoparticles modified with Angelica sinensis polysaccharide for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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