{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:38:27Z","timestamp":1789540707178,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744243200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: The synergistic effect of shock wave-enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in mandibular molar root canal disinfection remains underexplored, particularly against dual-species biofilms that better simulate clinical conditions. This study evaluates their combined antimicrobial efficacy against Enterococcus\u00a0faecalis and Candida\u00a0albicans biofilms and assesses potential tooth discoloration caused by riboflavin and nano-curcumin. Materials and Methods: The mesiobuccal canals of 57 extracted mandibular molars were inoculated with E. faecalis and C. albicans biofilms. The antimicrobial effects were assessed using riboflavin or nano-curcumin with a 450 nm diode laser (BDL), SWEEPS, or their combinations, compared to 5.25% NaOCl (positive control) and saline (negative control). Biofilm reduction was quantified by colony-forming units (CFUs\/mL), and discoloration was evaluated using the \u0394E metric in the CIE L*a*b* color space. Results: Both microorganisms showed a significant decrease in colony numbers in all experimental groups compared to the negative control (p &lt; 0.001), except for E. faecalis, where no significant difference was observed between the riboflavin\/nano-curcumin groups and the negative control. Combining riboflavin or nano-curcumin with SWEEPS or BDL significantly enhanced antimicrobial efficacy compared to individual treatments (p &lt; 0.001). The combined photodynamic therapy and SWEEPS groups showed the lowest colony counts. The \u0394E values were, on average, 1.81 for riboflavin and 1.09 for nano-curcumin. Conclusions: The combination of SWEEPS and aPDT effectively reduces E. faecalis and C. albicans biofilms in molars, supporting its potential as an adjunct in endodontic disinfection. Minimal discoloration further highlights its clinical applicability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T07:41:51Z","timestamp":1744270911000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["SWEEPS-Assisted Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy Against Dual-Species Biofilms in Mandibular Molars: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Pargol","family":"Guity","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahed University, Tehran 3319118651, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8341-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shima","family":"Afrasiabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Shahi Ardakani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1302-3079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Benedicenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2957-8802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Signore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutic Dentistry Department, Institute of Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8, b. 2, 119992 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3490-170X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasim","family":"Chiniforush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute for Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1983963113, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiumars","family":"Nazari Moghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shahed University, Tehran 3319118651, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamberi, B., Hoxha, V., Stavileci, M., Dragusha, E., Kuci, A., and Kqiku, L. (2011). Prevalence of apical periodontitis and endodontic treatment in a Kosovar adult population. BMC Oral. Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-11-32"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13677","article-title":"Present status and future directions: Microbiology of endodontic infections","volume":"55","author":"Siqueira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2001.00396.x","article-title":"Aetiology of root canal treatment failure: Why well-treated teeth can fail","volume":"34","author":"Siqueira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2005.09.006","article-title":"Oral microbial communities in sickness and in health","volume":"13","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00024-07","article-title":"Interspecies interactions within oral microbial communities","volume":"71","author":"Kuramitsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.01.016","article-title":"Microbial analysis of canals of root-filled teeth with periapical lesions using polymerase chain reaction","volume":"34","author":"Gomes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.2001.160603.x","article-title":"Microbial flora of root canal-treated teeth associated with asymptomatic periapical radiolucent lesions","volume":"16","author":"Cheung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2002.00478.x","article-title":"Prevalence of yeasts in saliva and root canals of teeth associated with apical periodontitis","volume":"35","author":"Egan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.04.012","article-title":"Canal Transportation, Unprepared Areas, and Dentin Removal after Preparation with BT-RaCe and ProTaper Next Systems","volume":"43","author":"Brasil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.06.034","article-title":"An anatomic investigation of the mandibular first molar using micro-computed tomography","volume":"39","author":"Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.06.032","article-title":"Analysis of the cause of failure in nonsurgical endodontic treatment by microscopic inspection during endodontic microsurgery","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2019.08.007","article-title":"Association between the Root Canal Configuration, Endodontic Treatment Technical Errors, and Periapical Hypodensities in Molar Teeth: A Cone-beam Computed Tomographic Study","volume":"45","author":"Fontenele","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2021.06.008","article-title":"Analysis of Instrumentation Protocols Regarding the Quality of Mesial Canal Preparation in Mandibular Molars: A Micro-computed Tomographic Study","volume":"47","author":"Vivacqua","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"e65","article-title":"Unprepared root canal surface areas: Causes, clinical implications, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"32","author":"Rocas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. Oral. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2019.03.001","article-title":"Matching the Dimensions of Currently Available Instruments with the Apical Diameters of Mandibular Molar Mesial Root Canals Obtained by Micro-computed Tomography","volume":"45","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13739","article-title":"Present status and future directions\u2014Irrigants and irrigation methods","volume":"55","author":"Boutsioukis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"CD008948","article-title":"Irrigants for non-surgical root canal treatment in mature permanent teeth","volume":"2012","author":"Fedorowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04913-7","article-title":"Can natural irrigants replace sodium hypochlorite? A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Susila","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.02.004","article-title":"The influence of the ultrasonic intensity on the cleaning efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation","volume":"37","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/PTS.0000000000000909","article-title":"Ultrasonic Device Complications in Endodontics: An Analysis of Adverse Events From the Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience","volume":"18","author":"Rhodes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Patient Saf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.07.006","article-title":"Uncontrolled Removal of Dentin during In Vitro Ultrasonic Irrigant Activation in Curved Root Canals","volume":"42","author":"Retsas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14042","article-title":"Principle and antimicrobial efficacy of laser-activated irrigation: A narrative review","volume":"57","author":"Meire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2024.02.008","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Irrigation Techniques for Cleaning Efficiency in Isthmus Structures","volume":"50","author":"Donnermeyer","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13024","article-title":"Efficacy of sonically, ultrasonically and laser-activated irrigation in removing a biofilm-mimicking hydrogel from an isthmus model","volume":"52","author":"Swimberghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102873","article-title":"Laser activated irrigation with SWEEPS modality reduces concentration of sodium hypochlorite in root canal irrigation","volume":"39","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2435-z","article-title":"Amplification of pressure waves in laser-assisted endodontics with synchronized delivery of Er:YAG laser pulses","volume":"33","author":"Lukac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2007.01316.x","article-title":"The prevalence of postoperative pain and flare-up in single- and multiple-visit endodontic treatment: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Sathorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-022-00700-0","article-title":"Postoperative pain after SWEEPS, PIPS, sonic and ultrasonic-assisted irrigation activation techniques: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"110","author":"Erkan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04637-0","article-title":"Efficacy of different Er:YAG laser-activated photoacoustic streaming modes compared to passive ultrasonic irrigation in the retreatment of curved root canals","volume":"26","author":"Petricevic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baraba, A., Rajda, M., Barsic, G., Jukic Krmek, S., Snjaric, D., and Miletic, I. (2023). Efficacy of Shock Wave-Enhanced Emission Photoacoustic Streaming (SWEEPS) in the Removal of Different Combinations of Sealers Used with Two Obturation Techniques: A Micro-CT Study. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16083273"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2014.03.005","article-title":"The effect of photodynamic therapy in root canal disinfection: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Chrepa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20150942","article-title":"New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy","volume":"473","author":"Abrahamse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polat, E., and Kang, K. (2021). Natural Photosensitizers in Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9060584"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"282","article-title":"Novel nanomicelle formulation to enhance bioavailability and stability of curcuminoids","volume":"22","author":"Hatamipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"63","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects investigation of nanomicelle and free curcuminoids against cancer and normal cells","volume":"4","author":"Zendedel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomed. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.09.007","article-title":"Curcumin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy reduces the viability and vitality of infected dentin caries microcosms","volume":"24","author":"Gutierres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103183","article-title":"Effect of nanomicelle curcumin-based photodynamic therapy on the dynamics of white spot lesions and virulence of Streptococcus mutans in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment: A randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"40","author":"Karimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2017.11.002","article-title":"Riboflavin in Human Health: A Review of Current Evidences","volume":"83","author":"Saedisomeolia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.1.54","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans","volume":"63","author":"Zempleni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubrak, T.P., Kolodziej, P., Sawicki, J., Mazur, A., Koziorowska, K., and Aebisher, D. (2022). Some Natural Photosensitizers and Their Medicinal Properties for Use in Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041192"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(99)80001-8","article-title":"Color stability of denture base acrylic resins in three food colorants","volume":"81","author":"Hersek","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.66.000866","article-title":"Proposed extension of the CIE recommendation on \u201cUniform color spaces, color difference equations, and metric color terms\u201d","volume":"66","author":"Pauli","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2009.00535.x","article-title":"Color stability of denture acrylic resins and a soft lining material against tea, coffee, and nicotine","volume":"19","author":"Imirzalioglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2005.10.049","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis: Its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in retreatment","volume":"32","author":"Stuart","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200405000-00004","article-title":"Association of Enterococcus faecalis with different forms of periradicular diseases","volume":"30","author":"Rocas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.01.012","article-title":"Differential Proteinase Patterns among Candida albicans Strains Isolated from Root Canal and Lingual Dorsum: Possible Roles in Periapical Disease","volume":"41","author":"Miranda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2018.07.016","article-title":"Prevalence of Candida Species in Endodontic Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Mergoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.192","article-title":"In vitro growth and analysis of Candida biofilms","volume":"3","author":"Chandra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.05.002","article-title":"The Starvation Resistance and Biofilm Formation of Enterococcus faecalis in Coexistence with Candida albicans, Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces viscosus, or Lactobacillus acidophilus","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.6.17889","article-title":"All you need is light: Antimicrobial photoinactivation as an evolving and emerging discovery strategy against infectious disease","volume":"2","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.03.008","article-title":"Comparison of growth and susceptibility to sodium hypochlorite of mono- and dual-species biofilms of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus (micromonas) micros","volume":"33","author":"Ozok","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Q., Jing, Q., Ren, B., Cheng, L., Zhou, X., Lai, W., He, J., and Li, M. (2022). Culture Supernatant of Enterococcus faecalis Promotes the Hyphal Morphogenesis and Biofilm Formation of Candida albicans. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101177"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13750","article-title":"Present status and future directions: Minimally invasive root canal preparation and periradicular surgery","volume":"55","author":"Neelakantan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2024.03.009","article-title":"Shaping Efficiency of Rotary and Reciprocating Kinematics of Engine-driven Nickel-Titanium Instruments in Moderate and Severely curved Root Canals Using Microcomputed Tomography: A Systematic Review of Ex Vivo Studies","volume":"50","author":"Paulsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13084","article-title":"Micro-computed tomographic evaluation of the shaping ability of four instrumentation systems in curved root canals","volume":"52","author":"Stringheta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13685","article-title":"Present status and future directions: Management of curved and calcified root canals","volume":"55","author":"Chaniotis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.08.030","article-title":"Three-dimensional morphologic analysis of isthmuses in the mesial roots of mandibular molars","volume":"36","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.06.005","article-title":"Effect of maintaining apical patency on irrigant penetration into the apical two millimeters of large root canals: An in vivo study","volume":"38","author":"Vera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.05.002","article-title":"Antimicrobial Efficacy of Chlorhexidine and Sodium Hypochlorite in Root Canal Disinfection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"46","author":"Ruksakiet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.12.021","article-title":"The Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine as Irrigant Solutions for Root Canal Disinfection: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials","volume":"42","author":"Goncalves","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2020.01.017","article-title":"Effect of Root Canal Irrigants on the Mechanical Properties of Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Scoping Review","volume":"46","author":"Dotto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13222","article-title":"Postoperative pain following endodontic irrigation using 1.3% versus 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in mandibular molars with necrotic pulps: A randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"53","author":"Mostafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuhaimed, T.S., and Abou Neel, E.A. (2017). Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigation and Its Effect on Bond Strength to Dentin. Biomed. Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1930360"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"191","article-title":"A literature review on complications and management of use sodium hypochlorite in endodontics","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"IP Indian. J. Conserv. Endod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.08.013","article-title":"Irrigation trends among American Association of Endodontists members: A web-based survey","volume":"38","author":"Dutner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.02.001","article-title":"Irrigant flow beyond the insertion depth of an ultrasonically oscillating file in straight and curved root canals: Visualization and cleaning efficacy","volume":"38","author":"Malki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.28.001714","article-title":"Wedge shaped cell for highly absorbent liquids: Infrared optical constants of water","volume":"28","author":"Wieliczka","year":"1989","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puleio, F., Lizio, A.S., Coppini, V., Lo Giudice, R., and Lo Giudice, G. (2023). CBCT-Based Assessment of Vapor Lock Effects on Endodontic Disinfection. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13179542"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, F., and Ilie, N. (2022). Riboflavin and Its Effect on Dentin Bond Strength: Considerations for Clinical Applicability-An In Vitro Study. Bioengineering, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9010034"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eusufzai, S.Z., Barman, A., Jamayet, N.B., Ahmad, W., Mahdi, S.S., Sheikh, Z., and Daood, U. (2023). Effects of Riboflavin Collagen Crosslinker on Dentin Adhesive Bonding Efficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16041701"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103252","article-title":"Efficacy of curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy for root canal therapy procedures: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Alkahtany","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.12565","article-title":"Antimicrobial action of photodynamic therapy on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm using curing light, curcumin and riboflavin","volume":"48","author":"Moradi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afrasiabi, S., Parker, S., and Chiniforush, N. (2023). Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect of Photodynamic Inactivation and SWEEPS in Combined Treatment against Enterococcus faecalis in a Root Canal Biofilm Model: An In Vitro Study. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13095668"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rostami, G., Afrasiabi, S., Benedicenti, S., Signore, A., and Chiniforush, N. (2023). The Evaluation of SWEEPS Plus Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy with Indocyanine Green in Eliminating Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm from Infected Root Canals: An In Vitro Study. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11071850"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.019","article-title":"Tooth color change caused by photosensitizers after photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study","volume":"160","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"51","article-title":"Color stability of resin cements after accelerated aging","volume":"8","author":"Noie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345890680051301","article-title":"Assessment of appearance match by visual observation and clinical colorimetry","volume":"68","author":"Johnston","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1520-6378.1979.tb00094.x","article-title":"An Experiment in Visual Scaling of Small Color Differences","volume":"4","author":"Kuehni","year":"1979","journal-title":"Color. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103626","article-title":"Tooth color change after photodynamic therapy in endodontics: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Marchesin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(71)90230-1","article-title":"A comparison of canal preparations in straight and curved root canals","volume":"32","author":"Schneider","year":"1971","journal-title":"Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2021.03.003","article-title":"Evaluating In Vitro Performance of Novel Nickel-Titanium Rotary System (TruNatomy) Based on Debris Extrusion and Preparation Time from Severely Curved Canals","volume":"47","author":"Mustafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endod."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.1995.tb00671.x","article-title":"Observation of bacteria and fungi in infected root canals and dentinal tubules by SEM","volume":"11","author":"Sen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endod. Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103291","article-title":"Antibacterial potential of riboflavin mediated blue diode laser photodynamic inactivation against Enterococcus faecalis: A laboratory investigation","volume":"41","author":"Afrasiabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"732","article-title":"The estimation of the bactericidal power of the blood","volume":"38","author":"Miles","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2014.3722","article-title":"Tooth discoloration induced by endodontic phenothiazine dyes in photodynamic therapy","volume":"32","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.2003.tb00313.x","article-title":"Review of the CIE system of colorimetry and its use in dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Westland","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/4\/558\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:12:10Z","timestamp":1760029930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/4\/558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18040558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18040558","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]}}}