{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:46:41Z","timestamp":1790016401752,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nektium Pharma S.L.","award":["ZYNS_HCT_2024.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYNS_HCT_2024.01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: A mango (Mangifera indica) leaf extract (Zynamite\u00ae), rich in the polyphenol mangiferin, has been demonstrated to modulate brain activity, boost cognitive function, and reduce mental fatigue. Research evidence supports that improving the solubility of this extract could significantly enhance its efficacy as an active ingredient. This study examined the effects of a soluble version of Zynamite\u00ae, Zynamite\u00ae S (Zyn-S), on cognitive function and mood in young adults at low doses. Methods: A total of 119 university students were enrolled in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 100 mg, 150 mg, or placebo in a double-blind crossover design. Short- and long-term memory were evaluated using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), executive functions with the Trail Making Test (TMT), processing speed with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and selective attention with the Stroop Color and Word Test. Additionally, mood was assessed using the Spanish short version of the Profile of Mood States (POMS). All these assessments were conducted before taking the product and at 30 min, 3 h, and 5 h post-intake. Results: The results demonstrated that participants who received Zynamite\u00ae S experienced significant improvements in reduced tension, depression, and confusion, suggesting an enhancement in mental clarity and overall emotional well-being. Both interventions also improved processing speed and cognitive flexibility. However, no significant differences were observed in short- and long-term verbal memory. Conclusions: In summary, these findings support Zynamite\u00ae S as a natural nootropic capable of acutely improving key cognitive functions and emotional balance at low doses in young adults, with sustained efficacy for at least five hours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T08:11:39Z","timestamp":1744704699000},"page":"571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acute Supplementation of Soluble Mango Leaf Extract (Zynamite\u00ae S) Improves Mental Performance and Mood: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Castellote-Caballero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Atl\u00e1ntico Medio, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2519-2758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Beltr\u00e1n-Arranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nektium Pharma, Las Mimosas 8, Ag\u00fcimes, 35118 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-9199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Aibar-Almaz\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ja\u00e9n, 23071 Ja\u00e9n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Carcel\u00e9n-Fraile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Atl\u00e1ntico Medio, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulieth","family":"Rivas-Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of San Buenaventura-Cali, Santiago de Cali 760045, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9386-5593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"L\u00f3pez-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nektium Pharma, Las Mimosas 8, Ag\u00fcimes, 35118 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3357-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanaus\u00fa","family":"Vega-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nektium Pharma, Las Mimosas 8, Ag\u00fcimes, 35118 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2802-5627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Atl\u00e1ntico Medio, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Higher Education Center for Teaching and Educational Research, 28014 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karyotaki, E., Cuijpers, P., and Albor, Y. (2020). Sources of Stress and Their Associations with Mental Disorders Among College Students: Results of the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Initiative. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01759"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"The impact of stress on students in secondary school and higher education","volume":"25","author":"Pascoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Adolesc. Youth"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slimmen, S., Timmermans, O., Mikolajczak-Degrauwe, K., and Oenema, A. (2022). How stress-related factors affect mental wellbeing of university students A cross-sectional study to explore the associations between stressors, perceived stress, and mental wellbeing. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275925"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wunsch, K., Fiedler, J., Bachert, P., and Woll, A. (2021). The Tridirectional Relationship among Physical Activity, Stress, and Academic Performance in University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020739"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00571","article-title":"Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement","volume":"10","author":"Dresler","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mal\u00edk, M., and Tlusto\u0161, P. (2022). Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163367"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01701-7","article-title":"Benefits and Harms of \u2018Smart Drugs\u2019 (Nootropics) in Healthy Individuals","volume":"82","author":"Schifano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharif, S., Guirguis, A., Fergus, S., and Schifano, F. (2021). The Use and Impact of Cognitive Enhancers among University Students: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030355"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0610","article-title":"Effects of dextroamphetamine on cognitive performance and cortical activation","volume":"12","author":"Mattay","year":"2000","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2010.04.002","article-title":"Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Repantis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1926-3","article-title":"Effects of modafinil on working memory processes in humans","volume":"177","author":"Steffenhagen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.09.001","article-title":"A review of caffeine\u2019s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance","volume":"71","author":"McLellan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"100138","article-title":"Pharmacology of caffeine and its effects on the human body","volume":"10","author":"Reddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/rej.2013.1431","article-title":"Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri","volume":"16","author":"Aguiar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1179\/147683010X12611460764840","article-title":"The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness","volume":"13","author":"Giesbrecht","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/1529-1006.00006","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba: A Cognitive Enhancer?","volume":"3","author":"Gold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci. Public Interest."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6949835","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6949835","article-title":"A Review on Ethnopharmacological Applications, Pharmacological Activities, and Bioactive Compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango)","volume":"2017","author":"Ediriweera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112996","article-title":"Central nervous system activities of extract Mangifera indica L","volume":"260","author":"Wiebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856063","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2856063","article-title":"Mangiferin and Morin Attenuate Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Neurocytotoxicity, Induced by Amyloid Beta Oligomers","volume":"2018","author":"Alberdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"36","article-title":"Mangiferin exerts neuroprotective activity against lead-induced toxicity and oxidative stress via Nrf2 pathway","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"112","article-title":"Mangiferin inhibited neuroinflammation through regulating microglial polarization and suppressing NF-\u03baB, NLRP3 pathway","volume":"19","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2015.04.002","article-title":"Mangiferin ameliorates aluminium chloride-induced cognitive dysfunction via alleviation of hippocampal oxido-nitrosative stress, proinflammatory cytokines and acetylcholinesterase level","volume":"31","author":"Kasbe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2017.1310705","article-title":"Mangiferin prevents corticosterone-induced behavioural deficits via alleviation of oxido-nitrosative stress and down-regulation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity","volume":"39","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Apontes, P., Fomenko, E.V., Chi, N., Schuster, V.L., Kurland, I.J., Pessin, J.E., and Chi, Y. (2018). Mangiferin Accelerates Glycolysis and Enhances Mitochondrial Bioenergetics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010201"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Guo, S., Wang, J., Shen, Y., Zhang, J., and Wu, Q. (2017). Nrf2\/HO-1 mediates the neuroprotective effect of mangiferin on early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage by attenuating mitochondria-related apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12160-6"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.03.011","article-title":"Mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucoxilxanthone improves long-term object recognition memory in rats","volume":"635","author":"Maurmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"111","article-title":"Investigation of Mangiferin, as a Promising Natural Polyphenol Xanthone on Multiple Targets of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"4","author":"Sethiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Act. Prod. Nat."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.11.037","article-title":"Protective effect of mangiferin on memory impairment: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Lum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000305","article-title":"Mangiferin inhibits hippocampal NLRP3 inflammasome and exerts antidepressant effects in a chronic mild stress mice model","volume":"28","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.07.031","article-title":"Protective effect of mangiferin against lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive and anxiety-like behaviour in mice","volume":"740","author":"Jangra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelabert-Rebato, M., Wiebe, J.C., Martin-Rincon, M., Gericke, N., Perez-Valera, M., Curtelin, D., and Calbet, J.A. (2018). Mangifera indica L. Leaf Extract in Combination with Luteolin or Quercetin Enhances VO2peak and Peak Power Output, and Preserves Skeletal Muscle Function During Ischemia-Reperfusion in Humans. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00740"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin-Rincon, M., Gelabert-Rebato, M., Galvan-Alvarez, V., Gallego-Selles, A., Martinez-Canton, M., Lopez-Rios, L., Wiebe, J.C., Martin-Rodriguez, S., Arteaga-Ortiz, R., and Dorado, C. (2020). Supplementation with a Mango Leaf Extract (Zynamite\u00ae) in Combination with Quercetin Attenuates Muscle Damage and Pain and Accelerates Recovery after Strenuous Damaging Exercise. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030614"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Canton, M., Galvan-Alvarez, V., Garcia-Gonzalez, E., Gallego-Selles, A., Gelabert-Rebato, M., Garcia-Perez, G., and Calbet, J.A. (2023). A Mango Leaf Extract (Zynamite\u00ae) Combined with Quercetin Has Exercise-Mimetic Properties in Human Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15132848"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bourdas, D.I., Travlos, A.K., Souglis, A., Stavropoulou, G., Zacharakis, E., Gofas, D.C., and Bakirtzoglou, P. (2024). Effects of a Singular Dose of Mangiferin-Quercetin Supplementation on Basketball Performance: A Double-Blind Crossover Study of High-Level Male Players. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010170"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wightman, E.L., Jackson, P.A., Forster, J., Khan, J., Wiebe, J.C., Gericke, N., and Kennedy, D.O. (2020). Acute Effects of a Polyphenol-Rich Leaf Extract of Mangifera indica L. (Zynamite) on Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082194"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"502","article-title":"Zynamite\u00ae (Mangifera indica Leaf Extract) and Caffeine Act in a Synergistic Manner on Electrophysiological Parameters of Rat Central Nervous System","volume":"9","author":"Dimpfel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morozkina, S.N., Nhung, T.H., Generalova, Y.E., Snetkov, P.P., and Uspenskaya, M.V. (2021). Mangiferin as New Potential Anti-Cancer Agent and Mangiferin-Integrated Polymer Systems-A Novel Research Direction. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010079"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.10.079","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic study of mangiferin in human plasma after oral administration","volume":"132","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1290","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Mangiferin and Its Metabolite\u2014Norathyriol, Part 2: Influence of UGT, CYP450, P-Gp, and Enterobacteria and the Potential Interaction in Rhizoma Anemarrhenae Decoction with Timosaponin B2 as the Major Contributor","volume":"42","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2012.09.032","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of the mangiferin inclusion complex with \u03b2-cyclodextrin","volume":"51","year":"2013","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"9272710","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Comparisons of Mangiferin and Mangiferin Monosodium Salt in Rat Plasma by UPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"1","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, H., Teng, H., Wu, W., Li, Y., Lv, G., Huang, X., Yan, W., and Lin, Z. (2020). Pharmacokinetic and Metabolomic Analyses of Mangiferin Calcium Salt in Rat Models of Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00438-x"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes-Rios, D., Sanchez-Rodriguez, A., Lopez-Rios, L., Garcia-Gonzalez, E., Martinez-Canton, M., Galvan-Alvarez, V., Gallego-Selles, A., Martin-Rincon, M., Calbet, J.A.L., and Vega-Morales, T. (2025). Human Pharmacokinetic Profiling and Comparative Analysis of Mangiferin and Its Monosodium Derivative from Mangifera indica Extracts Using UHPLC-MS\/MS with 1H NMR and MALDI-TOF Confirmation. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30030461"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"9","article-title":"Mangiferin: A Potential Natural Molecule for Management of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Mujawdiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"4922","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of Mangifera indica L. extract in a model of colitis","volume":"39","author":"Madrigal","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2174\/187152712800672481","article-title":"COMT as a drug target for cognitive functions and dysfunctions","volume":"11","author":"Scheggia","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.05.014","article-title":"Genes, cognition and brain through a COMT lens","volume":"164","author":"Dickinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.12.006","article-title":"Dopamine and Cognitive Control in Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"23","author":"Ott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.32.242","article-title":"Mangiferin ameliorates scopolamine-induced learning deficits in mice","volume":"32","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, E.L., Gupta, K., Climer, J.R., Monaghan, C.K., and Hasselmo, M.E. (2012). Cholinergic modulation of cognitive processing: Insights drawn from computational models. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2012.00024"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabandal, P.R., Saldes, E.B., and Han, K.A. (2022). Acetylcholine deficit causes dysfunctional inhibitory control in an aging-dependent manner. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25402-z"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"135","article-title":"Academic stress, anxiety, and depression among college students\u2014A brief review","volume":"5","author":"Kumaraswamy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Soc. Sci. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"41","article-title":"College student\u2019s academic stress and its relation to their anxiety, time management and leisure satisfaction","volume":"16","author":"Misra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Stud."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/03634523.2020.1713387","article-title":"A conditional process model of academic demands and student learning","volume":"69","author":"Knoster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Educ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2024.100670","article-title":"Effects of chronic stress on cognitive function\u2014From neurobiology to intervention","volume":"33","author":"Girotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"654","article-title":"The Impact of Emotional Distress on Cognitive Performance","volume":"33","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2011.01.020","article-title":"Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders","volume":"99","author":"Arnsten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10360","article-title":"Neocortical excitation\/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction","volume":"477","author":"Yizhar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"95","article-title":"Versi\u00f3n breve en espa\u00f1ol del cuestionario POMS para deportistas adultos y poblaci\u00f3n general","volume":"22","author":"Andrade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Deport."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Reitan, R.M. (1958). Trail Making Test: Manual for Administration, Scoring and Interpretation, Indiana University Medical Center."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000941","article-title":"Digit Symbol Substitution Test: The Case for Sensitivity Over Specificity in Neuropsychological Testing","volume":"38","author":"Jaeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarpina, F., and Tagini, S. (2017). The Stroop Color and Word Test. Front. Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00557"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alviarez-Schulze, V., Cattaneo, G., Pach\u00f3n-Garc\u00eda, C., Solana-S\u00e1nchez, J., Tormos, J.M., Pascual-Leone, A., and Bartr\u00e9s-Faz, D. (2022). Validation and Normative Data of the Spanish Version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Associated Long-Term Forgetting Measures in Middle-Aged Adults. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.809019"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/4\/571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:14:25Z","timestamp":1760030065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/4\/571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18040571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18040571","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]]}}}