{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:36:06Z","timestamp":1790822166196,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Essential oils are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic potential, yet Ammoides verticillata essential oil (AVEO) remains relatively unexplored, particularly for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. This study aimed to profile AVEO\u2019s chemical composition and evaluate its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects, with a focus on its novel pharmacological actions. Methods: The chemical composition of AVEO was determined using GC-MS analysis, and antioxidant capacity was assessed through in vitro assays. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory potential was investigated using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats, complemented by the inhibition assays of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. The analgesic effects were evaluated through acetic acid-induced writhing and tail immersion tests. Additionally, a computational study was performed to explore the binding affinity of AVEO\u2019s major constituents to COX-2. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed a rich monoterpene profile dominated by carvacrol (32.51%). It was found that AVEO exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Similarly, in vivo, AVEO showed significant anti-inflammatory effects, achieving a percentage inhibition of 52.23% at 200 mg\/kg, comparable to diclofenac, along with potent COX-2 inhibition observed (IC50 = 1.51 \u00b1 0.20, SI = 5.56). Moreover, analgesic tests demonstrated dose-dependent pain relief, in which the dose of 200 mg\/kg significantly prolonged tail latency to 14.00 \u00b1 1.45 s and markedly reduced abdominal constriction to 21.17 \u00b1 1.62. Computational analysis further corroborated the high binding affinity of carvacrol and thymol with COX-2 (\u22127.381 and \u22126.939 Kcal\/mol, respectively). Conclusions: These findings underscore AVEO\u2019s potential as a promising therapeutic agent for managing inflammation and pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18050635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:35:13Z","timestamp":1746185713000},"page":"635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Chemical Profiling and Assessment of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ammoides verticillata Essential Oil: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5375-2996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imene","family":"Derardja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider University, P.O. Box 145 RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory Promotion of Innovation in Agriculture in Arid Regions (PIARA), Department of Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider University, P.O. Box 145 RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2366-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Redouane","family":"Rebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider University, P.O. Box 145 RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Higher School of Biotechnology, Constantine 25000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fethi","family":"Benbela\u00efd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology to Agrifood, Biomedical and Environment (LAMAABE), Aboubekr Belka\u00efd University, Imama Biomedical Complex P.O. Box 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ain Temouchent University, Road of Sidi Bel Abbes BP 284, Ain Temouchent 46000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Jasmin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Ave Suite D-1201, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdennacer","family":"Boudah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Higher School of Biotechnology, Constantine 25000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4429-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Esseddik","family":"Toumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering and Application, Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mentouri Brothers Constantine 1, Constantine 25017, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salsabil","family":"Mebarki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider University, P.O. Box 145 RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory Promotion of Innovation in Agriculture in Arid Regions (PIARA), Department of Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider University, P.O. Box 145 RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9287-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fethi Farouk","family":"Kebaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering and Application, Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Mentouri Brothers Constantine 1, Constantine 25017, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Bellebcir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural Life Sciences, Mohamed Khider University, P.O. Box 145 RP, Biskra 07000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0031-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Muselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Corsica, UMR CNRS SPE 6134, Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Campus Grimaldi, BP 52, 20250 Corte, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.S., Lee, E.J., Na, H.K., and Surh, Y.J. (2018). From Inflammation to Cancer: Opportunities for Chemoprevention via Dietary Intervention. 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