{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:12:28Z","timestamp":1791911548241,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ICMR: New Delhi","award":["PCOS-phaseII\/NTF\/2020RBMCH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCOS-phaseII\/NTF\/2020RBMCH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder prevalent in women of reproductive age. Treatment or management of this syndrome includes several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches for different manifestations of the disease that vary with the patient\u2019s age, symptoms, requirements, and geographical location. Objective: This systematic review aims to conduct a comprehensive and evidence-based analysis of the various available treatment options and identify knowledge gaps in PCOS management in India. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases from January 2010 till February 2024. We included randomized control trials (RCTs) using any pharmacological drugs (e.g., insulin sensitizers, anti-androgens, anti-obesity drugs, oral contraceptive pills, ovulation induction drugs, etc.) or non-pharmacological intervention (e.g., yoga, diet, herbal supplements, etc.) with Indian PCOS patients for improving common manifestations of PCOS and written in the English language. Studies were screened by two authors independently in a two-level process. Data extraction was also performed by two authors. Risk of bias was performed using the RoB 2 Tool. Subgroup analysis and meta-analysis were performed using the RevMan tool. Results: Thirty RCTs on pharmacological and eight on non-pharmacological interventions were included in the study. However, all the RCTs were so heterogeneous in terms of intervention used, subject recruited, and outcomes measured that meta-analysis was possible for only three subgroups (metformin vs. inositol, metformin vs. metformin+ inositol, and letrozole vs. clomiphene citrate), with only two or three studies per analysis. Most studies were single-centric and small-sized and had a high risk of bias, limiting their generalizability. Conclusions: This systematic review synthesized existing research and evaluated the effectiveness and safety of existing treatments. Limitations and gaps in the current research were identified, which may inform future research for better understanding and management of PCOS in the Indian context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18050680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:35:13Z","timestamp":1746185713000},"page":"680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Indian Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2410-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratibha","family":"Maan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudharsan","family":"Vasudevan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2491-0650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geetha R.","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi 110001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi 110060, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abilash","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puthiyaveettil Khadar","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7732-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taruna","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Headquarters, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det262","article-title":"Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women in China: A large community-based study","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. 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