{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:58:59Z","timestamp":1790150339488,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82304302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-HJZDXK-JS-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-HJZDXK-JS-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024QN013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QN013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FH2024212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FH2024212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Naval Key Discipline Professional Project","award":["82304302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304302"]}]},{"name":"Naval Key Discipline Professional Project","award":["2024-HJZDXK-JS-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-HJZDXK-JS-08"]}]},{"name":"Naval Key Discipline Professional Project","award":["2024QN013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QN013"]}]},{"name":"Naval Key Discipline Professional Project","award":["FH2024212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FH2024212"]}]},{"name":"Naval Medical University Young Research Fellowship Grant","award":["82304302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304302"]}]},{"name":"Naval Medical University Young Research Fellowship Grant","award":["2024-HJZDXK-JS-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-HJZDXK-JS-08"]}]},{"name":"Naval Medical University Young Research Fellowship Grant","award":["2024QN013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QN013"]}]},{"name":"Naval Medical University Young Research Fellowship Grant","award":["FH2024212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FH2024212"]}]},{"name":"Naval Medical University Undergraduates\u2019 Innovation and Practice Training Programs","award":["82304302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82304302"]}]},{"name":"Naval Medical University Undergraduates\u2019 Innovation and Practice Training Programs","award":["2024-HJZDXK-JS-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-HJZDXK-JS-08"]}]},{"name":"Naval Medical University Undergraduates\u2019 Innovation and Practice Training Programs","award":["2024QN013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QN013"]}]},{"name":"Naval Medical University Undergraduates\u2019 Innovation and Practice Training Programs","award":["FH2024212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FH2024212"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing incidence and prevalence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance compound clinical antifungal therapies. Given the significant threat posed by IFIs and the limits of the current antifungal agents, the search for novel, effective therapeutic options remains a compelling area of antifungal drug discovery. The s-triazine (1,3,5-triazine) scaffold, renowned for its structural versatility, ease of functionalization, and diverse biological profiles, has been extensively studied in medical chemistry. Driven by this privileged structure, several s-triazine derivatives have been synthesized through molecular hybridization and screened for their antifungal activities. Some of them demonstrated potent efficacy against pathogenic fungi, including Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus species. Structure\u2013activity relationship (SAR) studies are also discussed whenever possible, underlying the essential substituents for their antifungal effect. This review provides a summary of recent advancements (2014\u20132024) in the development of antifungal agents featuring the s-triazine scaffold and highlights the antifungal activity of s-triazine derivatives, aiming to prompt further progress in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18050690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T05:18:20Z","timestamp":1746595100000},"page":"690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exploring the Potential of s-Triazine Derivatives as Novel Antifungal Agents: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Haoyan","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Bridge, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, No. 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menglu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Bridge, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, No. 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dazhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0427-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, No. 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","article-title":"Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease","volume":"24","author":"Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00861-x","article-title":"The WHO fungal priority pathogens list as a game-changer","volume":"21","author":"Fisher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00720-1","article-title":"Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health","volume":"20","author":"Fisher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01172-2","article-title":"COVID-19-associated fungal infections","volume":"7","author":"Hoenigl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Alastruey-Izquierdo, A. (2022). WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6515-1_2","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of invasive fungal infection","volume":"1508","author":"Enoch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-018-0342-4","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, resistance, and treatment of infections by Candida auris","volume":"6","author":"Cortegiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0322-2","article-title":"Drug resistance and tolerance in fungi","volume":"18","author":"Berman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2022.2098949","article-title":"Drug design strategies for the treatment azole-resistant candidiasis","volume":"17","author":"Moghimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.12.089","article-title":"Amino acid conjugated antimicrobial drugs: Synthesis, lipophilicity-activity relationship, antibacterial and urease inhibition activity","volume":"145","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cesarini, S., Vicenti, I., Poggialini, F., Secchi, M., Giammarino, F., Varasi, I., Lodola, C., Zazzi, M., Dreassi, E., and Maga, G. (2022). Privileged scaffold decoration for the identification of the first trisubstituted triazine with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248829"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7330","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.4c00173","article-title":"Design, synthesis, formulation, and bioevaluation of trisubstituted triazines as highly selective mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of human breast cancer","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2019.10.010","article-title":"Antitubercular triazines: Optimization and intrabacterial metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhamzani, A.G., Yousef, T.A., Abou-Krisha, M.M., Raghu, M.S., Kumar, K.Y., Prashanth, M.K., and Jeon, B.H. (2022). Design, synthesis, molecular docking and pharmacological evaluation of novel triazine-based triazole derivatives as potential anticonvulsant agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 77.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2022.129042"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.06.007","article-title":"Design, synthesis and herbicidal activity study of aryl 2,6-disubstituted sulfonylureas as potent acetohydroxyacid synthase inhibitors","volume":"27","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, H., Liu, Y., You, S., Liu, J., Xiao, H., and Tu, Z. (2019). A review on recent treatment technology for herbicide atrazine in contaminated environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16245129"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.6b00181","article-title":"Multifunctional homopolymers: Postpolymerization modification via sequential nucleophilic aromatic substitution","volume":"49","author":"Kubo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2020.114747","article-title":"Triazines as a potential class of corrosion inhibitors: Present scenario, challenges and future perspectives","volume":"321","author":"Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.111804","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships (SAR) of triazine derivatives: Promising antimicrobial agents","volume":"185","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A., Sheyi, R., de la Torre, B.G., El-Faham, A., and Albericio, F. (2021). s-Triazine: A privileged structure for drug discovery and bioconjugation. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26040864"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.114645","article-title":"A closer look at N2,6-substituted 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines: Advances in synthesis and biological activities","volume":"241","author":"Shahari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30462","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA05953G","article-title":"Recent biological applications of heterocyclic hybrids containing s-triazine scaffold","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bareth, D., Jain, S., Kumawat, J., Kishore, D., Dwivedi, J., and Hashmi, S.Z. (2024). Synthetic and pharmacological developments in the hybrid s-triazine moiety: A review. Bioorg. Chem., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2023.106971"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.2174\/0113895575309800240526180356","article-title":"1,3,5-Triazine: Recent development in synthesis of its analogs and biological profile","volume":"24","author":"Jyoti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mini-Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128687","article-title":"Synthesis, molecular docking studies, and in vitro evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as promising antimicrobial agents","volume":"1220","author":"Patil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.133615","article-title":"New s-Triazine\/Tetrazole conjugates as potent antifungal and antibacterial agents: Design, molecular docking and mechanistic study","volume":"1267","author":"Mekheimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.03.023","article-title":"Tetrazole hybrids and their antifungal activities","volume":"170","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2017.11.087","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, antimicrobial evaluation and molecular docking study of novel triazine-quinazolinone based hybrids","volume":"1156","author":"Dinari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3814","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2023.2216293","article-title":"Molecular modeling and biological investigation of novel s-triazine linked benzothiazole and coumarin hybrids as antimicrobial and antimycobacterial agents","volume":"42","author":"Zala","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"14","article-title":"Design, synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of various N-substituted piperazine annulated s-triazine derivatives","volume":"4","author":"Sweta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. J. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/jhet.3791","article-title":"Design, synthesis, anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal evaluation of 4-aminoquinoline-1,3,5-triazine derivatives","volume":"57","author":"Bhat","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Heterocycl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13695","article-title":"Potent antibacterial activity of dihydydropyrimidine-1,3,5-triazines via inhibition of DNA gyrase and antifungal activity with favourable metabolic profile","volume":"96","author":"Masih","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2012.12.004","article-title":"Synthesis and study of 1,3,5-triazine based thiazole derivatives as antimicrobial agents","volume":"20","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2015.01.004","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of some novel 4-(4-(arylamino)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2-ylamino)-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamides","volume":"20","author":"Desai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2022.133622","article-title":"Synthesis, comparative theoretical and experimental characterization of some new 1,3,5 triazine based heterocyclic compounds and in vitro evaluation as promising biologically active agents","volume":"1268","author":"Noureen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed-Ezzat, R.A., and Elgemeie, G.H. (2024). Novel synthesis of new triazine sulfonamides with antitumor, anti-microbial and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. BMC Chem., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-024-01164-9"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2024.138668","article-title":"Synthesis, biological evaluation, and DFT analysis of s-triazine analogues with medicinal potential integrated with bioactive heterocyclic scaffolds","volume":"1313","author":"Kumawat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2174\/2211352517666190710115111","article-title":"Design, synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some triazine chalcone derivatives","volume":"18","author":"Shinde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anti-Infect. Agents"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2014.02.002","article-title":"An efficient synthesis of new thiazolidin-4-one fused s-triazines as potential antimicrobial and anticancer agents","volume":"18","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"8","article-title":"Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel s-triazine based aryl\/heteroaryl entities: Design, rationale and comparative study","volume":"20","author":"Mewada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Arab Univ. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"571836","article-title":"Facile synthesis, characterization, and in vitro antimicrobial screening of a new series of 2,4,6-trisubstituted-s-triazine based compounds","volume":"2015","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno, L.M., Quiroga, J., Abonia, R., Crespo, M.D.P., Aranaga, C., Mart\u00ednez-Mart\u00ednez, L., Sortino, M., Barreto, M., Burbano, M.E., and Insuasty, B. (2024). Synthesis of novel triazine-based chalcones and 8,9-dihydro-7H-pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepines as potential leads in the search of anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25073623"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maliszewski, D., Demirel, R., Wr\u00f3bel, A., Baradyn, M., Ratkiewicz, A., and Drozdowska, D. (2023). s-Triazine derivatives functionalized with alkylating 2-chloroethylamine fragments as promising antimicrobial agents: Inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrases, molecular docking studies, and antibacterial and antifungal activity. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091248"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad, K.A., Kim, H., Qasim, M., Djehal, A., Hernday, A.D., D\u00e9saubry, L., and Rauceo, J.M. (2023). Triazine-based small molecules: A potential new class of compounds in the antifungal toolbox. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010126"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mena, L., Billamboz, M., Charlet, R., Despr\u00e8s, B., Sendid, B., Ghinet, A., and Jawhara, S. (2022). Two new compounds containing pyridinone or triazine heterocycles have antifungal properties against Candida albicans. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11010072"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13535","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC07810F","article-title":"Novel non-peptidic small molecule inhibitors of secreted aspartic protease 2 (SAP2) for the treatment of resistant fungal infections","volume":"54","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhameed, R.A., Almarhoon, Z., Sholkamy, E.N., Khan, S.A., Ul-Haq, Z., Sharma, A., de la Torre, B.G., Albericio, F., and El-Faham, A. (2020). Novel 4,6-disubstituted s-triazin-2-yl amino acid derivatives as promising antifungal agents. J. Fungi, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040237"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"68","article-title":"Synthesis of novel isoxazoline derivatives containing s-triazine via chalcones and their anti-microbial studies","volume":"9","author":"Dongre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Der Pharma Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Zhang, T., Xu, J., Wu, J., Wang, Y., Qiu, X., Zhang, Y., Hou, W., Yan, L., and An, M. (2019). The synergism of the small molecule ENOblock and fluconazole against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02071"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1021\/cb300687k","article-title":"A unique small molecule inhibitor of enolase clarifies its role in fundamental biological processes","volume":"8","author":"Jung","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-005-9054-6","article-title":"Mutations on CaENO1 in Candida albicans inhibit cell growth in the presence of glucose","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, F., Hao, Y., Liu, J., Bao, J., Ni, T., Liu, Y., Chi, X., Wang, T., Yu, S., and Jin, Y. (2022). Discovery of novel thiosemicarbazides containing 1,3,5-triazines derivatives as potential synergists against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112334"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c02292","article-title":"From synergy to monotherapy: Discovery of novel 2,4,6-trisubstituted triazine hydrazone derivatives with potent antifungal potency in vitro and in vivo","volume":"67","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haiba, N.S., Khalil, H.H., Moniem, M.A., El-Wakil, M.H., Bekhit, A.A., and Khattab, S.N. (2019). Design, synthesis and molecular modeling studies of new series of s-triazine derivatives as antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates. Bioorg. Chem., 89.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.103013"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salakovi\u0107, B., Kova\u010devi\u0107, S., Banjac, M.K., Podunavac-Kuzmanovi\u0107, S., Jevri\u0107, L., Paj\u010din, I., and Grahovac, J. (2023). New perspective on comparative chemometric and molecular modeling of antifungal activity and herbicidal potential of alkyl and cycloalkyl s-triazine derivatives. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11020358"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2017.05.040","article-title":"Novel pyrazolyl-s-triazine derivatives, molecular structure and antimicrobial activity","volume":"1145","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s41061-022-00385-7","article-title":"Functionalized triazines and tetrazines: Synthesis and applications","volume":"380","author":"Mondal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Top. Curr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2020.119627","article-title":"Synthesis, structure and biological activity of zinc(II) pincer complexes with 2,4-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazine","volume":"508","author":"Soliman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Refaat, H.M., Alotaibi, A.A.M., Dege, N., El-Faham, A., and Soliman, S.M. (2022). Synthesis, structure and biological evaluations of Zn(II) pincer complexes based on s-triazine type chelator. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113625"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2020.119753","article-title":"Syntheses, structure, Hirshfeld analysis and antimicrobial activity of four new Co(II) complexes with s-triazine-based pincer ligand","volume":"510","author":"Soliman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soliman, S.M., Al-Rasheed, H.H., Elsilk, S.E., and El-Faham, A. (2021). A novel centrosymmetric Fe(III) complex with anionic bis-pyrazolyl-s-triazine ligand; Synthesis, structural investigations and antimicrobial evaluations. Symmetry, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13071247"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.05.103","article-title":"Bis-pyrazolyl-s-triazine Ni(II) pincer complexes as selective gram positive antibacterial agents; synthesis, structural and antimicrobial studies","volume":"1195","author":"Soliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soliman, S.M., Al-Rasheed, H.H., Albering, J.H., and El-Faham, A. (2020). Fe(III) complexes based on mono- and bis-pyrazolyl-s-triazine ligands: Synthesis, molecular structure, Hirshfeld, and antimicrobial evaluations. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235750"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2024.122320","article-title":"Synthesis of Co(II), Mn(II), and Ni(II) complexes with 4-(4,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)morpholine; X-ray structure, Hirshfeld, AIM, and biological studies","volume":"573","author":"Yousri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2018.04.043","article-title":"Two heptacoordinated manganese(II) complexes of giant pentadentate s-triazine bis-Schiff base ligand: Synthesis, crystal structure, biological and DFT studies","volume":"479","author":"Soliman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2023.121586","article-title":"Synthesis, characterizations, antitumor and antimicrobial evaluations of novel Mn(II) and Cu(II) complexes with NNN-tridentate s-Triazine-Schiff base ligand","volume":"555","author":"Fathalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fathalla, E.M., Abu-Youssef, M.A.M., Sharaf, M.M., El-Faham, A., Barakat, A., Haukka, M., and Soliman, S.M. (2023). Synthesis, X-ray structure of two hexa-coordinated Ni(II) complexes with s-Triazine hydrazine schiff base ligand. Inorganics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics11050222"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fathalla, E.M., Abu-Youssef, M.A.M., Sharaf, M.M., El-Faham, A., Barakat, A., Haukka, M., and Soliman, S.M. (2023). Supramolecular Structure and Antimicrobial Activity of Ni(II) Complexes with s-Triazine\/Hydrazine Type Ligand. Inorganics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics11060253"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2018.11.082","article-title":"Synthesis, chemical and biological investigations of new Ru(III) and Se(IV) complexes containing 1,3,5-triazine chelating derivatives","volume":"1179","author":"Abumelha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.01.096","article-title":"Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, DFT studies, and preliminary antimicrobial evaluation of new antimony(III) and bismuth(III) complexes derived from 1,3,5-triazine","volume":"1183","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00706-020-02592-8","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of biological activities of tripodal imines and \u03b2-lactams attached to the 1,3,5-triazine nucleus","volume":"151","author":"Bashiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Monatsh. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-016-1627-6","article-title":"Synthesis, spectral characterization, and effective antifungal evaluation of 1H-tetrazole containing 1,3,5-triazine dendrimers","volume":"25","author":"Vembu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10676","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NJ01483C","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of novel dimerics-triazine derivatives as potential anti-bacterial agents against MDR clinical isolates","volume":"42","author":"Ramadan","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"8507567","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial studies of novel series of 2,4-bis(hydrazino)-6-substituted-1,3,5-triazine and their Schiff base derivatives","volume":"2018","author":"Sholkamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"3464758","article-title":"Ultrasonic irradiation: Synthesis, characterization, and preliminary antimicrobial activity of novel series of 4,6-disubstituted-1,3,5-triazine containing hydrazone derivatives","volume":"2016","author":"Khaled","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-017-0267-3","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of 1,3,5-triazine aminobenzoic acid derivatives for their antimicrobial activity","volume":"11","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Cent. J."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/5\/690\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:28:34Z","timestamp":1760030914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/5\/690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18050690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18050690","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]]}}}