{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T04:33:15Z","timestamp":1774326795926,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U21A20419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202206080007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206080007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017BT01Y093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017BT01Y093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017B090903004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017B090903004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project","award":["U21A20419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20419"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project","award":["202206080007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206080007"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project","award":["2017BT01Y093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017BT01Y093"]}]},{"name":"Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Project","award":["2017B090903004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017B090903004"]}]},{"name":"Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program","award":["U21A20419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20419"]}]},{"name":"Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program","award":["202206080007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206080007"]}]},{"name":"Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program","award":["2017BT01Y093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017BT01Y093"]}]},{"name":"Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program","award":["2017B090903004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017B090903004"]}]},{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Research Center for New Drug Druggability Evaluation","award":["U21A20419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U21A20419"]}]},{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Research Center for New Drug Druggability Evaluation","award":["202206080007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206080007"]}]},{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Research Center for New Drug Druggability Evaluation","award":["2017BT01Y093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017BT01Y093"]}]},{"name":"National Engineering and Technology Research Center for New Drug Druggability Evaluation","award":["2017B090903004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017B090903004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Early studies indicated that the high content of tanshinone IIA (T\u2212IIA) and rosmarinic acid (RA) in Salvia castanea Diels f. Tomentosa Stib (SCT) gives them significant potential for development as therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke (IS). However, the extraction process and quality of the active ingredients from SCT are still big challenges, with present processes providing insufficient pharmacological effects. This study aims to identify the optimal extraction process and perform a quality characterization of the total tanshinones and phenolic acids extracted from SCT, as well as to elucidate the neuroprotective effect of these extracts. Methods: The extraction process was optimized using an orthogonal experimental design (OED), and quality characterization was performed using HPLC, UV, and LC-MS. The neuroprotective effect of the extracted tanshinones and phenolic acids was studied using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) paradigm, and its underlying mechanism was revealed through RNA-seq analysis combined with network pharmacology. Results: The optimal extraction pressure of total tanshinones was 60 MPa, while the extraction temperature and time for total phenolic acids were 4 \u00b0C and 25 min, respectively. In these extracts, the total tanshinone and phenolic acid contents increased to 369.43 and 189.10 mg\/g, respectively; 23 of the 19 tanshinones and 23 phenolic acids identified in this study have not been observed in previous studies. It was demonstrated that the combined extract had a promising neuroprotective effect against IS; RNA-seq combined with network pharmacology analysis indicated that the active compounds may regulate a series of core genes associated with signaling pathways to protect against IS. Conclusions: The combined SCT extract studied in this research exerted neuroprotective effects on IS. In general, these findings improve our preliminary understanding of the chemical composition and bioactivity of SCT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18050728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T09:58:27Z","timestamp":1747303107000},"page":"728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phytochemical Analysis and Neuroprotective Effect of Salvia\u00a0castanea Diels f. Tomentosa Stib Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center for Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 511458, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9216-7948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxing","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahuan","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center for Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 511458, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peiqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xue","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Research Center for Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 511458, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manolescu, B.N., Oprea, E., Mititelu, M., Ruta, L.L., and Farcasanu, H.C. 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