{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T16:46:44Z","timestamp":1764002804491,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2013\/07467-1","2021\/08891-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/07467-1","2021\/08891-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The retina plays a vital role in vision, and its impairment can cause significant visual deficits. Current retinal disease treatments range from conventional anti-inflammatory drugs to advanced anti-VEGF therapies and monoclonal antibodies. TnP, a novel synthetic peptide in preclinical development, has demonstrated therapeutic potential in chronic inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis and asthma due to its immunomodulatory properties. Using zebrafish\u2014which share significant genetic homology with humans\u2014we investigated TnP\u2019s effects on retinopathy models mimicking diabetic retinopathy (DR) through either cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced hypoxia or light-induced retinal damage (LIRD). Methods: We employed two retinal injury models (CoCl2-induced hypoxia and LIRD) and subjected them to TnP treatment, assessing the outcomes through visual\u2013motor response testing and histological examination. Results: CoCl2 exposure impaired swimming activity, while light damage reduced the movement distance. Both models induced distinct retinal morphological changes. Although TnP failed to reverse most injury effects, it specifically restored the inner plexiform layer (IPL)\u2019s thickness. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that TnP may enhance neuronal plasticity by promoting cell proliferation and synaptic connectivity. While showing promise as a therapeutic candidate for retinal and neurodegenerative disorders, TnP might achieve optimal efficacy when combined with complementary treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18060840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T08:51:04Z","timestamp":1749027064000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating TnP as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Retinopathy in Zebrafish Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Gabriel Santos","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs\/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jefferson Thiago Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Bernardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs\/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7991-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Breand\u00e1n","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research and UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8161-966X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs\/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0244-7482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Lopes-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs\/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo 05503-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100919","article-title":"Photoreceptor Cells and RPE Contribute to the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"83","author":"Tonade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. 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