{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:04:48Z","timestamp":1781481888394,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU, through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria","award":["BGRRP-2.004-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BGRRP-2.004-0008"]}]},{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU, through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria","award":["PRIDST 2021\u20132027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIDST 2021\u20132027"]}]},{"name":"Operational Program","award":["BGRRP-2.004-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BGRRP-2.004-0008"]}]},{"name":"Operational Program","award":["PRIDST 2021\u20132027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIDST 2021\u20132027"]}]},{"name":"EU and Bulgarian Government","award":["BGRRP-2.004-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BGRRP-2.004-0008"]}]},{"name":"EU and Bulgarian Government","award":["PRIDST 2021\u20132027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIDST 2021\u20132027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: In this study, we present a green, scalable platform for the production of water-dispersible powders co-encapsulating the lipophilic bioactives curcumin (Cur) and eugenol (Eug) within the amphiphilic polymer Soluplus\u00ae (SP) via low-temperature spray drying. Methods: The amount of Cur (1%, 5%, and 10%) and Eug (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) was varied to achieve single- and double-loaded water-soluble powders with the maximum amount of active substances. The powders containing a higher loading of Cur, 5% and 10% (and Eug), were obtained from water\/ethanol mixtures (2:1 and 5:1 v\/v ratio), while the formulation with 1% of Cur was spray-dried by using water as a solvent. Results: By leveraging aqueous or aqueous\u2013ethanolic feed systems, we achieved high loading of the bioactive substances\u2014up to 10% Cur and 20% Eug (w\/w)\u2014while minimizing organic solvent use. Myo-inositol was incorporated as a stabilizing excipient to modulate particle morphology, improve powder flowability, and enhance redispersibility. Physicochemical characterization revealed nanoscale micellization (53\u2013127 nm), amorphization of both actives as confirmed by XRD and DSC, and the absence of crystalline residue. Encapsulation efficiencies exceeded 95% for Cur and 93% for Eug. Dissolution tests demonstrated a rapid release from the 5% Cur\/5% Eug formulation (&gt;85% in 5 min), while higher-loaded single-formulations showed progressively slower release (up to 45 min). Conclusions: This work demonstrates a robust and environmentally responsible encapsulation strategy, suitable for delivering poorly water-soluble phytochemicals with potential applications in oral nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical dosage forms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18070944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T10:44:41Z","timestamp":1750761881000},"page":"944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Water-Soluble Formulations of Curcumin and Eugenol Produced by Spray Drying"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iskra Z.","family":"Koleva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1 J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3303-427X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katya","family":"Kamenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, \u201cAkad. G. Bonchev\u201d Street, Bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Centre of Competence \u201cSustainable Utilization of Bio-Resources and Waste of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Innovative Bioactive Products\u201d (CoC BioResources), 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5777-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petar D.","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, \u201cAkad. G. Bonchev\u201d Street, Bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Centre of Competence \u201cSustainable Utilization of Bio-Resources and Waste of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Innovative Bioactive Products\u201d (CoC BioResources), 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2991-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christo T.","family":"Tzachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1 J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4622(99)00070-8","article-title":"Free radical scavenging ability and antioxidant efficiency of curcumin and its substituted analogue","volume":"80","author":"Khopde","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bhiophys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.1021\/jf001442x","article-title":"Chemical studies on antioxidant mechanism of curcumin: Analysis of oxidative coupling products from curcumin and linoleate","volume":"49","author":"Masuda","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. 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