{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:42:25Z","timestamp":1784288545551,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Dopamine partial agonists are drugs initially developed to treat schizophrenia, seeking a double effect of increased dopaminergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex and decrease in the accumbens\/striatum. Of these drugs, aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, and cariprazine are currently marketed and used in schizophrenia spectrum and mood disorders. It is debated whether patients with psychiatric disorders becoming pregnant should discontinue or continue their antipsychotic treatment despite some risks for the fetus, i.e., whether it is worse to have an untreated disorder or treating it with drugs. The safety of drugs for mother and baby extend from pregnancy to the postpartum, when breastfeeding assumes great importance. We set to investigate the use of dopamine partial agonists in pregnancy and lactation. Methods: On 23 June 2025, we used suitable strategies for identifying cases and studies of cariprazine, aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, dopamine partial agonists in pregnancy, perinatal period, and\/or lactation on PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo\/PsycArticles, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We used the PRISMA Statement in developing our review. We included case reports and clinical studies. We excluded reports without pregnancy or focused on other drugs than the above. We reached consensus on eligibility with Delphi rounds among all authors. Results: Our searches produced 386 results on the above databases. We included 24 case reports\/series and 15 studies. Most studies showed no negative pregnancy outcomes. There were serious concerns about the use of dopamine D2\/D3 partial agonists during lactation. Conclusions: The use of dopamine partial agonists during pregnancy appears to be safe, but during breastfeeding they should be better avoided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18071010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T02:53:07Z","timestamp":1751856787000},"page":"1010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dopamine Partial Agonists in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alexia","family":"Koukopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delfina","family":"Janiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7642-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"Milintenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8221-2721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Barbonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0281-6324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios D.","family":"Kotzalidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-5331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Callovini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Moccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3007-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Mazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-7494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Simonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8139-9230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Camardese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9767-8752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Sani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"249","article-title":"Psychopharmacological Decision Making in Bipolar Disorder During Pregnancy and Lactation: A Case-by-Case Approach to Using Current Evidence","volume":"17","author":"Albertini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Focus Am. 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