{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T02:33:59Z","timestamp":1789698839690,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81160367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81160367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81860288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81860288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, and progressive autoimmune\u2013inflammatory disease primarily affecting small joints. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide (IOP) is the main component of the parasitic fungus obliquus, which has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, whether IOP has a therapeutic effect on RA is still unclear. Thus, this study aimed to reveal the effect of IOP on MH7A cells and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats and to investigate the molecular mechanism of IOP in RA. Methods: In this study, network pharmacology was used to identify the key signaling pathways in IOP treatment of RA. The effect of IOP was verified in rats with CIA. We performed CCK-8, EdU, colony formation assay, cell apoptosis, cell migration and invasion, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence to elucidate the effect of IOP on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of MH7A cells and revealed its modulation of the NF-\u03baB and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. Results: IOP treatment of CIA rats significantly alleviated joint swelling, synovial tissue proliferation and erosion, and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18. In vitro, IOP significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of TNF-\u03b1-stimulated MH7A cells and promoted their apoptosis. Mechanistically, IOP inhibited the NF-\u03baB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusions: This study revealed that IOP exerts anti-RA effects by downregulating the NF-\u03baB and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways, promoting cell apoptosis, and inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines, representing a promising therapeutic option for RA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18071017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T11:58:07Z","timestamp":1751975887000},"page":"1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Integrating Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation to Explore the Effect and Mechanism of Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7842-6988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Biology Key Laboratory, Yanbian 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China"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0408-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Biology Key Laboratory, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30173-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid 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