{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T02:43:49Z","timestamp":1761273829838,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2025R213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2025R213"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Recently, increased attention has been given to pumpkin due to its proved nutritional components, which include antioxidant, antifatigue, and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the present work was to assess the impact of Cucurbita pepo L. (CP) on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced changes in lymphoid organs through evaluating its effect on the histological structure of spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes compared to the antidepressant fluoxetine (FLU). Materials and Methods: Fifty male albino rats equally distributed into five groups that included control, control + CP, CUMS-exposed, FLU-treated, and CP-treated groups were used in this study. Rats were exposed to CUMS for 4 weeks, and treatment (either with FLU or CP) was started after 14 days of exposure. Behavior of the rats, serum corticosterone, oxidants\/antioxidants profile, proinflammatory cytokines, and gene expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and \u03b2-adrenergic receptor (\u03b22-AR) were assessed after 28 days. Spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes were histopathologically assessed. Results: CP administration significantly reduced the CUMS-induced behavioural changes evident by the significant reduction in immobility time (p = 0.02) and corticosterone level (p &lt; 0.001). Biochemically, CP reduced TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 (p &lt; 0.001) and markedly alleviated the changes in oxidants\/antioxidants in the serum and lymphoid organs compared to fluoxetine. CP significantly (p &lt; 0.001) reduced CUMS-induced changes in GR and (\u03b22-AR). Histopathologically, CP alleviated changes observed in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland. It significantly reduced the number of CD4, CD8, CD68, CD20, and caspase-3 immunopositive cells in the studied organs. Conclusions: This study proved the potential efficacy of CP in alleviating depression-associated immunodysregulation either alone or in combination with antidepressant therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18071046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T10:33:47Z","timestamp":1752748427000},"page":"1046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effects of Cucurbita pepo L. Extract in Chronic Stress-Induced Dysregulation of Lymphoid Organs in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7599-225X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safa","family":"Qahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1583-3032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailah","family":"Almohaimeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Algaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashwaq","family":"Batawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7391-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuhair","family":"Mohammedsaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3920-6474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Abd-Elhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Aqaba Medical Sciences University, Aqaba 77110, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0784-4826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawal","family":"Almohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3369-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasra","family":"Ayuob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Damietta University, Damietta 34511, Egypt"},{"name":"Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medical Applications (YAJCPMA), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amany","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.06.006","article-title":"The HPA axis in major depression: Classical theories and new developments","volume":"31","author":"Pariante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2017.02.006","article-title":"Sex differences in the neuro-immune consequences of stress: Focus on depression and anxiety","volume":"67","author":"Bekhbat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.10.008","article-title":"Immune suppression and immune activation in depression","volume":"25","author":"Blume","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112076","article-title":"Anhedonic-like behavior correlates with IFN\u03b3 serum levels in a two-hit model of depression","volume":"373","author":"Colombo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.04.017","article-title":"Psychological stress promotes neutrophil infiltration in colon tissue through adrenergic signaling in DSS-induced colitis model","volume":"57","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.01.013","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells prevent restraint stress-induced lymphocyte depletion via interleukin-4","volume":"38","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1571","article-title":"Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health","volume":"5","author":"Glaser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1591(02)00060-0","article-title":"Mechanisms of stress-induced modulation of immunity","volume":"17","author":"Moynihan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.09.007","article-title":"Duration dependent effect of chronic stress on primary and secondary lymphoid organs and their reversibility in rats","volume":"224","author":"Sarjan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.11.148","article-title":"Repetitive restraint stress changes spleen immune cell subsets through glucocorticoid receptor or \u03b2-adrenergic receptor in a stage dependent manner","volume":"495","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-011-0276-4","article-title":"Studies on the protective effects of betaine against oxidative damage during experimentally induced restraint stress in Wistar albino rats","volume":"16","author":"Ganesan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2014.02.005","article-title":"Current concepts in neuroendocrine disruption","volume":"203","author":"Martyniuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v8.i3.97","article-title":"Antidepressant foods: An evidence-based nutrient profiling system for depression","volume":"8","author":"LaChance","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"230","article-title":"A review on medicinal herbs with potential anti-depressant activities","volume":"15","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s43014-023-00138-z","article-title":"A review on biochemical constituents of pumpkin and their role as pharma foods; a key strategy to improve health in post COVID 19 period","volume":"5","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Prod. Process. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6212","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-0442","article-title":"Systemic immune-inflammation index predicts prognosis of patients after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2017.11.005","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21\/Smad2\/3\/Foxp3 signaling is required for chronic stress-induced immune suppression","volume":"314","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"225","article-title":"Antidepressive activity of processed pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seeds on rats","volume":"1","author":"George","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharma Med. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4103\/jmedsci.jmedsci_138_18","article-title":"Stress, coping, and immunologic relevance: An empirical literature review","volume":"39","author":"Tripathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heming, N., Sivanandamoorthy, S., Meng, P., Bounab, R., and Annane, D. (2018). Immune effects of corticosteroids in sepsis. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01736"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez, M.E., Martinez-Mota, L., Salinas, C., Marquez-Velasco, R., Hernandez-Chan, N.G., Morales-Montor, J., P\u00e9rez-Tapia, M., Streber, M.L., Granados-Camacho, I., and Becerril, E. (2013). Chronic stress induces structural alterations in splenic lymphoid tissue that are associated with changes in corticosterone levels in Wistar-Kyoto rats. BioMed Res. Int., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/868742"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"282","article-title":"Animal models for chronic stress-induced oxidative stress in the spleen: The role of exercise and catecholaminergic system","volume":"1","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Anim. Models Hum. Dis. Eff. Ther. Strategy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2014.06.002","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS and involvement of Bcl-2 as a mitochondrial ROS regulator","volume":"19","author":"Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001537","article-title":"Severe trauma and chronic stress activates extramedullary erythropoiesis","volume":"83","author":"Alamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.07.034","article-title":"Splenic morphological changes are accompanied by altered baseline immunity in a mouse model of sickle-cell disease","volume":"181","author":"Szczepanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100009","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100009","article-title":"Dietary EPA-Enriched Phospholipids Alleviate Chronic Stress and LPS-Induced Depression-and Anxiety-Like Behavior by Regulating Immunity and Neuroinflammation","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2009.02.003","article-title":"Immunomodulatory role of piperine in cadmium induced thymic atrophy and splenomegaly in mice","volume":"28","author":"Pathak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"389","article-title":"Interleukin-18 antagonism improved histopathological conditions of malaria infection in mice","volume":"10","author":"Jabbarzare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.-F., He, R.-R., Tsoi, B., Li, X.-D., Li, W.-X., Abe, K., and Kurihara, H. (2012). Anti-stress effects of carnosine on restraint-evoked immunocompromise in mice through spleen lymphocyte number maintenance. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033190"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gurfein, B.T., Hasdemir, B., Milush, J.M., Touma, C., Palme, R., Nixon, D.F., Darcel, N., Hecht, F.M., and Bhargava, A. (2017). Enriched environment and stress exposure influence splenic B lymphocyte composition. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180771"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"185","article-title":"The CD4+\/CD8+ ratio in pulmonary tuberculosis: Systematic and meta-analysis article","volume":"44","author":"Yongmei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalathookunnel Antony, A., Lian, Z., and Wu, H. (2018). T cells in adipose tissue in aging. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02945"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000437","article-title":"Health benefits of physical activity: A systematic review of current systematic reviews","volume":"32","author":"Warburton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405127","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/405127","article-title":"Low concentrations of corticosterone exert stimulatory effects on macrophage function in a manner dependent on glucocorticoid receptors","volume":"2013","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Yang, S., and Yu, S. (2024). Interactions Between Ferroptosis and Oxidative Stress in Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13111329"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/cai2.7","article-title":"Crosstalk between ferroptosis and stress\u2014Implications in cancer therapeutic responses","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Innov."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.029","article-title":"Inflammation and its discontents: The role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression","volume":"65","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.11.015","article-title":"Chronic stress promotes lymphocyte reduction through TLR2 mediated PI3K signaling in a \u03b2-arrestin 2 dependent manner","volume":"233","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2016.01.036","article-title":"Improvement of depressive behavior by Sweetme Sweet Pumpkin\u2122 and its active compound, \u03b2-carotene","volume":"147","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2020.112199","article-title":"Extraction and antioxidant activities in vivo of pumpkin polysaccharide","volume":"146","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00685-9","article-title":"Loss of ferroportin induces memory impairment by promoting ferroptosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-006-0016-6","article-title":"A review on pharmacological activities and utilization technologies of pumpkin","volume":"61","author":"Caili","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.053","article-title":"Characterization of a neutral polysaccharide from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch) with potential immunomodulatory activity","volume":"188","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abosrea, A.M., Aboul Ezz, H.S., Mahmoud, S.M., Mousa, M.R., and Ahmed, N.A. (2023). The potential role of pumpkin seeds oil on methotrexate-induced lung toxicity. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34143-6"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2021.103459","article-title":"Cucurbita pepo modulates contact dermatitis in depressed rats through downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of antioxidant status","volume":"39","author":"Ayuob","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postep. Dermatol. I Alergol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4103\/JMAU.JMAU_37_19","article-title":"Efficacy of sweet pumpkin in relieving contact dermatitis in chronically stressed rats","volume":"8","author":"Huwait","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microsc. Ultrastruct."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11864","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules171011864","article-title":"Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit extract improves physical fatigue and exercise performance in mice","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6662649","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6662649","article-title":"Cucurbita pepo Alleviates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress via Modulation of Apoptosis, Neurogenesis, and Gliosis in Rat Hippocampus","volume":"2021","author":"Ayuob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.06.007","article-title":"Emodin opposes chronic unpredictable mild stress induced depressive-like behavior in mice by upregulating the levels of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1080\/10520295.2017.1323276","article-title":"The antidepressant-like effect of Ocimum basilicum in an animal model of depression","volume":"92","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biotech. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.17-0440","article-title":"The protective role of musk on salivary glands of mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress","volume":"61","author":"Ayuob","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.02.008","article-title":"Possible involvement of tetrahydrobiopterin in the disturbance of redox homeostasis in sepsis\u2013Induced brain dysfunction","volume":"1685","author":"Gamal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Packer, L. (2002). Superoxide Dismutase, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21766","article-title":"Neonatal Persistent Exposure to 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil, a Thyroid-Disrupting Chemical, Differentially Modulates Expression of Hepatic Catalase and C\/EBP-\u03b2 in Adult Rats","volume":"30","author":"Bunker","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EHX.0000444078.17248.ab","article-title":"Ginkgo modulates noise-induced hippocampal damage in male albino rats: A light and electron microscopic study","volume":"37","author":"Makhlouf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Histol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/7\/1046\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T02:41:01Z","timestamp":1761273661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/7\/1046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18071046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18071046","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8247"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]}}}