{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:48:23Z","timestamp":1790452103007,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2023A1515011495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011495"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2021ZDB01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDB01"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["No. 82204057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82204057"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["No. BK20220827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. BK20220827"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["JSHD202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSHD202301"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["ZDXYS202210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202210"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Medical Products Administration Scientific and Technological Innovation Project","award":["2023A1515011495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011495"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Medical Products Administration Scientific and Technological Innovation Project","award":["2021ZDB01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDB01"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Medical Products Administration Scientific and Technological Innovation Project","award":["No. 82204057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82204057"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Medical Products Administration Scientific and Technological Innovation Project","award":["No. BK20220827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. BK20220827"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Medical Products Administration Scientific and Technological Innovation Project","award":["JSHD202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSHD202301"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Medical Products Administration Scientific and Technological Innovation Project","award":["ZDXYS202210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202210"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023A1515011495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021ZDB01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDB01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 82204057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82204057"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. BK20220827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. BK20220827"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSHD202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSHD202301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZDXYS202210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["2023A1515011495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011495"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["2021ZDB01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDB01"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["No. 82204057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82204057"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["No. BK20220827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. BK20220827"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["JSHD202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSHD202301"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["ZDXYS202210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202210"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory","award":["2023A1515011495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011495"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory","award":["2021ZDB01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDB01"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory","award":["No. 82204057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82204057"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory","award":["No. BK20220827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. BK20220827"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory","award":["JSHD202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSHD202301"]}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory","award":["ZDXYS202210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202210"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology, and Education","award":["2023A1515011495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515011495"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology, and Education","award":["2021ZDB01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZDB01"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology, and Education","award":["No. 82204057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82204057"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology, and Education","award":["No. BK20220827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. BK20220827"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology, and Education","award":["JSHD202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSHD202301"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology, and Education","award":["ZDXYS202210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202210"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Depression, a major global health issue, is commonly treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Given the link between depression and inflammation, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may have adjunctive benefits. Clinically, SSRIs and NSAIDs are often co-prescribed for comorbid pain or inflammatory conditions. However, both drug classes pose risks of adverse effects, and their interaction may lead to clinically significant drug\u2013drug interactions. Objectives: This study analyzed FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data (2004\u20132024) to assess gastrointestinal bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury (AKI) potential risks linked to SSRIs (citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, and sertraline) and NSAIDs (propionic\/acetic\/enolic acid derivatives, COX-2 inhibitors) in depression patients, alone and combined. Methods: Disproportionality analysis (crude reporting odds ratios, cROR) identified possible associations; drug interactions were evaluated using \u03a9 shrinkage, additive, multiplicative, and combination risk ratio (CRR) models. Results: Gastrointestinal bleeding risk was potentially elevated with citalopram (cROR = 2.81), escitalopram (2.27), paroxetine (2.17), fluvoxamine (3.58), sertraline (1.69), and propionic acid NSAIDs (3.17). Thrombocytopenia showed a potential correlation with fluoxetine (2.11) and paroxetine (2.68). AKI risk may be increased with citalopram (1.39), escitalopram (1.36), fluvoxamine (3.24), and COX-2 inhibitors (2.24). DDI signal analysis suggested that citalopram in combination with propionic acid derivatives (additive model = 0.01, multiplicative model = 1.14, and CRR = 3.13) might increase the risk of bleeding. Paroxetine combined with NSAIDs (additive model = 0.014, multiplicative model = 2.65, and CRR = 2.99) could potentially increase the risk of thrombocytopenia. Sertraline combined with NSAIDs (\u03a9025 = 0.94, multiplicative model = 2.14) might be associated with an increasing risk of AKI. Citalopram combined with propionic acid derivatives (\u03a9025 = 1.08, multiplicative model = 2.17, and CRR = 2.42) could be associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury. Conclusions: Certain combinations of SSRIs and NSAIDs might further elevate these risks of gastrointestinal bleeding, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury in patients with depression. Given the potential drug\u2013drug interactions, heightened clinical vigilance is advised when prescribing SSRIs and NSAIDs in combination to patients with depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18071062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T12:09:53Z","timestamp":1752840593000},"page":"1062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Possible Association Between Concomitant Use of SSRIs with NSAIDs and an Increased Risk of Adverse Events Among People with Depressive Disorders: Data Mining of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management, Shenzhen 518024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianru","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management, Shenzhen 518024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuening","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Health Development Research Center, Nanjing 210029, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Contraceptives Vigilance and Fertility Surveillance, Nanjing 210029, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory of Fertility Protection and Health Technology Assessment, Nanjing 210029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenfang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management, Shenzhen 518024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management, Shenzhen 518024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongqiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Pharmacovigilance and Risk Management, Shenzhen 518024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3407-0026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, December 07). Depressive Disorder (Depression). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/depression."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2018). Global, Regional, and National Incidence, Prevalence, and Years Lived with Disability for 354 Diseases and Injuries for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 392, 1789\u20131858."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993694","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.993694","article-title":"Regional Gray Matter Volume Mediates the Relationship between Neuroticism and Depressed Emotion","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barth, J., Munder, T., Gerger, H., N\u00fcesch, E., Trelle, S., Znoj, H., J\u00fcni, P., and Cuijpers, P. (2013). Comparative Efficacy of Seven Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Patients with Depression: A Network Meta-Analysis. PLoS Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001454"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7","article-title":"Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of 21 Antidepressant Drugs for the Acute Treatment of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"391","author":"Cipriani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4103\/ijp.ijp_854_22","article-title":"Cost-Minimization Analysis of Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, and Amitriptyline in the Treatment of Depression","volume":"55","author":"Salian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Huan, J., Lin, L., and Hu, Y. (2023). Association of Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers with Depression Risk: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005\u20132018 Analyses. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1097196"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.09.016","article-title":"Novel Neuroimmunologic Therapeutics in Depression: A Clinical Perspective on What We Know so Far","volume":"83","author":"Roman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-320912","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Anti-Inflammatory Agents for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"91","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hang, X., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Ye, X., Tang, Q., and Sun, W. (2021). Comparative Efficacy and Acceptability of Anti-Inflammatory Agents on Major Depressive Disorder: A Network Meta-Analysis. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.691200"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13016","article-title":"Efficacy of Anti-Inflammatory Treatment on Major Depressive Disorder or Depressive Symptoms: Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"139","author":"Lydholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.82","article-title":"Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors with or without Concurrent Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"109","author":"Anglin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h3517","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3517","article-title":"Risk of Intracranial Haemorrhage in Antidepressant Users with Concurrent Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Nationwide Propensity Score Matched Study","volume":"351","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.6048","article-title":"Data Mining of the Public Version of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System","volume":"10","author":"Sakaeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7217.1106","article-title":"Association between Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Population Based Case-Control Study","volume":"319","author":"Montero","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-21-0572","article-title":"The COX-2-PGE2 Pathway Promotes Tumor Evasion in Colorectal Adenomas","volume":"15","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2020.33.2.108","article-title":"All about Pain Pharmacology: What Pain Physicians Should Know","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Pain."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/00004850-199403001-00004","article-title":"Pharmacological Characterization of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)","volume":"9","author":"Hyttel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"3418975","article-title":"Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Cancer Prevention and Cancer Promotion","volume":"2019","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61454-2","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"380","author":"Bellomo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S216","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318168e375","article-title":"An Overview of Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury","volume":"36","author":"Pannu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappini, S., Guirguis, A., Schifano, N., Corkery, J.M., Semeraro, F., Mosca, A., D\u2019Andrea, G., Duccio Papanti, G., Arillotta, D., and Floresta, G. (2025). Comparative Safety of Prescribed Esketamine and Ketamine in Relation to Renal and Urinary Disorders: A Pharmacovigilance Perspective. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2024.111213"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000234","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis after Escitalopram Treatment in a Young Adult with Melancholic Depression","volume":"35","author":"Lecardeur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1136\/ejhpharm-2022-003533","article-title":"Rhabdomyolysis in a Male Adolescent Associated with Monotherapy of Fluvoxamine","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e59316","article-title":"Alcoholism and Immobility Induced Rhabdomyolysis Culminating in Hemodialysis","volume":"16","author":"Gaddameedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S283161","article-title":"Purposeful Review to Identify Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Treatment and Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology","volume":"13","author":"Abdissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"004539","article-title":"A Case of Legionella Pneumonia with Rhabdomyolysis, with Extremely High Creatinine Kinase without Acute Kidney Injury in an Adult","volume":"11","author":"Sangam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Case Rep. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noguchi, Y., Tachi, T., and Teramachi, H. (2019). Review of Statistical Methodologies for Detecting Drug\u2013Drug Interactions Using Spontaneous Reporting Systems. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01319"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5609","article-title":"Exploring the Impact of Design Criteria for Reference Sets on Performance Evaluation of Signal Detection Algorithms: The Case of Drug\u2013Drug Interactions","volume":"32","author":"Kontsioti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappini, S., Vickers-Smith, R., Harris, D., Papanti Pelletier, G.D., Corkery, J.M., Guirguis, A., Martinotti, G., Sensi, S.L., and Schifano, F. (2023). Is There a Risk for Semaglutide Misuse? Focus on the Food and Drug Administration\u2019s FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) Pharmacovigilance Dataset. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.0611.v1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042098620938595","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098620938595","article-title":"Post Marketing Surveillance of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions through Spontaneous Reporting: Current Status, Challenges and the Future","volume":"11","author":"Alomar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2025, April 20). FAERS Public Dashboard\u2014Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs), Available online: https:\/\/fis.fda.gov\/extensions\/FPD-FAQ\/FPD-FAQ.html#_Toc514144622."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Wang, H., Chen, X., Liu, Y., and Jiang, P. (2025). Safety of Lifitegrast: A Real-World Pharmacovigilance Study Based on FAERS. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321307"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, G., Huang, P., Zhang, J., Liu, J., Yan, Z., and Ma, X. (2025). Drug-Induced Cardiac Arrest: A Pharmacovigilance Study from 2004\u20132024 Based on FAERS Database. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1498700"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noguchi, Y., Ueno, A., Otsubo, M., Katsuno, H., Sugita, I., Kanematsu, Y., Yoshida, A., Esaki, H., Tachi, T., and Teramachi, H. (2018). A New Search Method Using Association Rule Mining for Drug-Drug Interaction Based on Spontaneous Report System. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00197"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-023-01278-4","article-title":"Early Detection of Adverse Drug Reaction Signals by Association Rule Mining Using Large-Scale Administrative Claims Data","volume":"46","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"183","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence: Applications in Pharmacovigilance Signal Management","volume":"39","author":"Warner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceut. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fusaroli, M., Salvo, F., Khouri, C., and Raschi, E. (2024). The Reporting of Disproportionality Analysis in Pharmacovigilance: Spotlight on the READUS-PV Guideline. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1488725"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s40801-021-00235-w","article-title":"Visualization of Kinase Inhibition-Related Adverse Events Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database","volume":"8","author":"Mizuno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs Real World Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2018225529","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-225529","article-title":"Fluoxetine Overdose in a Teenager Resulting in Serotonin Syndrome, Seizure and Delayed Onset Rhabdomyolysis","volume":"2018","author":"Zehra","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-023-01411-1","article-title":"Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Bleeding Risk: Considerations for the Consult-Liaison Psychiatrist","volume":"25","author":"McFarland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-024-01108-x","article-title":"Patterns of Comorbidities and Prescribing and Dispensing of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Among Patients with Osteoarthritis in the USA: Real-World Study","volume":"41","author":"Ide","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, S.M., Qasswal, M., Ahsan, M.J., Walters, R.W., and Chandra, S. (2022). Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Increase Risk of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding When Used with NSAIDs: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18654-2"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.3.297","article-title":"Citalopram-Induced Bleeding Due to Severe Thrombocytopenia","volume":"50","author":"Andersohn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsoupras, A., Gkika, D.A., Siadimas, I., Christodoulopoulos, I., Efthymiopoulos, P., and Kyzas, G.Z. (2024). The Multifaceted Effects of Non-Steroidal and Non-Opioid Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Drugs on Platelets: Current Knowledge, Limitations, and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17050627"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology30020020","article-title":"Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Hidayat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiappini, S., Vickers-Smith, R., Guirguis, A., Corkery, J.M., Martinotti, G., and Schifano, F. (2022). A Focus on Abuse\/Misuse and Withdrawal Issues with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Analysis of Both the European EMA and the US FAERS Pharmacovigilance Databases. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15050565"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230809112028","article-title":"Cool the Inflamed Brain: A Novel Anti-Inflammatory Strategy for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"22","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.668","article-title":"A Comparison of Measures of Disproportionality for Signal Detection in Spontaneous Reporting Systems for Adverse Drug Reactions","volume":"11","author":"Bate","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-020-02801-3","article-title":"Comparison of Signal Detection Algorithms Based on Frequency Statistical Model for Drug-Drug Interaction Using Spontaneous Reporting Systems","volume":"37","author":"Noguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/7\/1062\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:12:10Z","timestamp":1760033530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/18\/7\/1062"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ph18071062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph18071062","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]}}}