{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:07:27Z","timestamp":1790885247964,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Chemotherapy-induced alopecia is a common and distressing side effect of cancer treatment, significantly impacting patients\u2019 psychological well-being. Nanocarriers offer a promising strategy for targeted drug delivery to hair follicles, while chitosan nanoparticles have demonstrated hair-growth-promoting properties. This study explores the potential of chitosan nanoparticles as a topical delivery system for five pharmacological agents\u2014phenobarbital, pioglitazone, rifampicin, N-acetylcysteine, and tacrolimus\u2014to prevent chemotherapy-induced alopecia. Methods: Drug-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using the ionic gelation technique and characterized by particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, FT-IR spectroscopy, and TEM imaging. Their efficacy was assessed in a cyclophosphamide-induced alopecia model in C57BL\/6 mice through macroscopic observation, histopathological examination, and scanning electron microscopy of regrown hair. Results: The prepared particles were spherical, cationic, and between 205 and 536 nm in size. The entrapment efficiencies ranged from 8% to 63%. All five drugs mitigated follicular dystrophy, shifting the hair follicle response from dystrophic catagen to dystrophic anagen. Phenobarbital demonstrated the most significant hair regrowth and quality improvements, followed by N-acetyl cysteine and pioglitazone. Tacrolimus showed moderate efficacy, while rifampicin was the least effective. Conclusions: These findings suggest that phenobarbital-loaded chitosan nanoparticles represent a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced alopecia, warranting further investigation for clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18071071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T10:35:31Z","timestamp":1753094131000},"page":"1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Chitosan Nanoparticles for Topical Drug Delivery in Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia: A Comparative Study of Five Repurposed Pharmacological Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5642-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma A.","family":"Fereig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City 11837, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8714-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Youshia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-140X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghada M.","family":"El-Zaafarany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6070-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona G.","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El Sherouk City 11837, Egypt"},{"name":"Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City 11837, Egypt"},{"name":"Chemotherapeutic Unit, Mansoura University Hospitals, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4017-1248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona M. A.","family":"Abdel-Mottaleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt"},{"name":"EFS, INSERM, UMR 1098 RIGHT, Universit\u00e9 de Franche-Comt\u00e9, F-25000 Besan\u00e7on, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24445","article-title":"A Worldwide Collaboration to Harmonize Guidelines for the Long-Term Follow-up of Childhood and Young Adult Cancer Survivors: A Report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group","volume":"60","author":"Kremer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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