{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:33:51Z","timestamp":1760060031489,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Evaluaci\u00f3n del potencial de coproductos del caf\u00e9 para la generaci\u00f3n de materias primas para la industria farmac\u00e9utica y alimentaria","award":["2019-27890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-27890"]}]},{"name":"University of Antioquia","award":["2019-27890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-27890"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Most snakebite incidents in Latin America are caused by species of the Bothrops genus. Their venom induces severe local effects, against which antivenom therapy has limited efficacy. Metabolites derived from Coffea arabica have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents to inhibit the local effects induced by B. asper venom. Methods: Three enzymatic assays were performed: inhibition of the procoagulant and amidolytic activities of snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs); inhibition of the proteolytic activity of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs); and inhibition of the catalytic activity of snake venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted to propose potential inhibitory mechanisms of the metabolites chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and caffeic acid. Results: Green and roasted coffee extracts partially inhibited the enzymatic activity of SVSPs and SVMPs. Notably, the green coffee extract, at a 1:20 ratio, effectively inhibited PLA2 activity. Among the individual metabolites tested, partial inhibition of SVSP and PLA2 activities was observed, whereas no significant inhibition of SVMP proteolytic activity was detected. Chlorogenic acid was the most effective metabolite, significantly prolonging plasma coagulation time and achieving up to 82% inhibition at a concentration of 62.5 \u03bcM. Molecular docking analysis revealed interactions between chlorogenic acid and key active site residues of SVSP and PLA2 enzymes from B. asper venom. Conclusions: The roasted coffee extract demonstrated the highest inhibitory effect on venom toxins, potentially due to the formation of bioactive compounds during the Maillard reaction. Molecular modeling suggests that the tested inhibitors may bind to and occupy the substrate-binding clefts of the target enzymes. These findings support further in vivo research to explore the use of plant-derived polyphenols as adjuvant therapies in the treatment of snakebite envenoming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18081151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T09:41:17Z","timestamp":1754300477000},"page":"1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Coffea arabica Extracts and Metabolites with Potential Inhibitory Activity of the Major Enzymes in Bothrops asper Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Erika","family":"P\u00e1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxinology, Therapeutic, and Food Alternatives, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3600-2580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeisson","family":"Galvis-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxinology, Therapeutic, and Food Alternatives, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-2827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime Andr\u00e9s","family":"Perea\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Pharmaceutical Promotion and Prevention, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3096-2134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina Mar\u00eda","family":"Preciado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxinology, Therapeutic, and Food Alternatives, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1893-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel Cristina","family":"Henao-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Bioactive Substances (GISB), Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Research Group on Marine Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17063","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.63","article-title":"Snakebite Envenoming","volume":"3","author":"Calvete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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